. Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology : essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams. Williams, Ernest E. (Ernest Edward); Herpetology; Evolution. Figure 7. Osteology of skull and mandible of P. geoffroanus (MZUSP 2680; llha Solteira, Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, Brazil; carapace length 172 mm, skull condylobasilar length mm). Views same as in Fig. 4. the mandible and robust widened an- terior maxillary triturating surface with lingual ridges appear to all represent feeding adaptations. The power of jaw closure is heightened through increased muscle mass in the anterior portions of the ja
. Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology : essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams. Williams, Ernest E. (Ernest Edward); Herpetology; Evolution. Figure 7. Osteology of skull and mandible of P. geoffroanus (MZUSP 2680; llha Solteira, Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, Brazil; carapace length 172 mm, skull condylobasilar length mm). Views same as in Fig. 4. the mandible and robust widened an- terior maxillary triturating surface with lingual ridges appear to all represent feeding adaptations. The power of jaw closure is heightened through increased muscle mass in the anterior portions of the jaw adductors combined with diver- gent trochleas which improve leverage. This increased muscle mass is most prominent in the relatively enlarged area of the postorbital wall and sulcus jugalis. The modified triturating surfaces appear adapted for bottom feeding and crush- ing of large hard food such as snails or small bivalves. Other Phrynops do not possess this spectrum of characteristics. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Williams, Ernest E. (Ernest Edward); Rhodin, Anders G. J; Miyata, Kenneth; Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cambridge, Mass. : Museum of Comparative Zoology
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