. Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Institution. Archives; Discoveries in science. PROGRESS IN ELECTRO-METALLURGY KERSHAW. 223 With regard to the use of ferroalloys generally, ferrosilicon is employed as a deoxydizing agent, while the other alloys are em- ployed for introducing the rarer metals into the steel, it having been found that a more homogeneous product is obtained when the metal is introduced into the molten steel in the form of an alloy than when it is introduced in the pure state. All the chrome-steel used for
. Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Institution. Archives; Discoveries in science. PROGRESS IN ELECTRO-METALLURGY KERSHAW. 223 With regard to the use of ferroalloys generally, ferrosilicon is employed as a deoxydizing agent, while the other alloys are em- ployed for introducing the rarer metals into the steel, it having been found that a more homogeneous product is obtained when the metal is introduced into the molten steel in the form of an alloy than when it is introduced in the pure state. All the chrome-steel used for armour-plate manufacture is now made with the aid of ferrochrome. Iron and steel.—The methods of producing iron and steel in the electric furnace liaA^e been developed chiefly by French electrometal- lurgists, a large number of works in France having been rendered idle by the collapse of the boom in the calcium-carbide industry in 1899-1900, and new applications being re- quired for the water- power and electric- furnace plant thus made available. The earliest trials of the electric furnace for iron and steel produc- tion date from 1899, and since that year experimental work has been carried on continuously. D u r - ing the last three years the i^ew meth- ods have attracted the attention of steel makers, and it is now generally recognized that certain of the methods and processes. Fig. -Vertical section of a Giroud electric furnace for crucibles individually heated. have attained a permanent footing in the iron and steel industry. The Heroult and Kjellin methods of steel refining by aid of electric heat have shown the most striking development, and a large number of works in Europe and America are using these methods with satis- , factory results. The Heroult steel-refining furnace is of the crucible type, and the heating is initially effected by means of the electric arc, which forms between the surface of the slagging materials covering the metal and the two massive carbon
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