. The earth and its inhabitants ... Geography. FAUNA AND FLORA. 18 abundant proofs to the contrary, and naturalists had found many animal forms below the limits assigned to them by the learned explorer. ^Nevertheless such testimony had not received all the attention it deserved, and the triumphant scientific expeditions of the Lightning and Porcupine were needed before the previous labours of Ross, Wallich, Sars, Fleemiug, Jénkin, and Milne-Edwards could be regarded as definitely secured to science. At all their sounding stations Carpenter, Wyville Thomson, "and Gwyn Jeffreys found the oc
. The earth and its inhabitants ... Geography. FAUNA AND FLORA. 18 abundant proofs to the contrary, and naturalists had found many animal forms below the limits assigned to them by the learned explorer. ^Nevertheless such testimony had not received all the attention it deserved, and the triumphant scientific expeditions of the Lightning and Porcupine were needed before the previous labours of Ross, Wallich, Sars, Fleemiug, Jénkin, and Milne-Edwards could be regarded as definitely secured to science. At all their sounding stations Carpenter, Wyville Thomson, "and Gwyn Jeffreys found the ocean bed covered with animal organisms. In the great troughs of the Spitzbergen seas Torell had also found such organisms in prodigious quantities, far superior in the wealth of their forms to those of the Scandinavian seaboard. Even at the depth of 2,700 fathoms, Fig. 8.—Zone of the Cold Waters in the North Eeptb 0 to 547 i'athoms. 547 to Fathoms. the lowest reached by the plummet, the Arctic Ocean possesses a fauna of many species. The explorations have but slightly increased the number of fishes known to science, but the museums have been enriched by many new echinoderms, some yerj curious and extremely beautiful, and Wyville Thomson alone has been enabled to describe 250 new species of molluscs. On the other hand, the limits of the marine flora have remained unchanged. Beyond 50 fathoms the algoo become rare, disappearing altogether at a depth of 200 fathoms. The wealth of the fauna is all the greater in the northern seas of Euroj)e because their waters flow from different climatic regions. The currents of w^arm water form-ng the upper strata bring with them southern organisms, while the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Reclus, Elisée, 1830-1905; Ravenstein, Ernest Geo
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