. Bulletin. Science. Figure i.—Chappe telegraph mounted on the roof of the Louvre. From Beschreibung und Abbildung des Telegraphen, Leipzig, 1795, pi. i. f I HE 19th century began with the tumult and A. ferment of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars which broke many of the political and social barriers that had divided Europe. Through these broken barriers stretched the communication lines of the revolutionary armies, in particular a semaphore telegraph system (figs. 1-5) invented by Claude Chappe in 1792.' Messages were sent in the Chappe system by using the various positions of the cro
. Bulletin. Science. Figure i.—Chappe telegraph mounted on the roof of the Louvre. From Beschreibung und Abbildung des Telegraphen, Leipzig, 1795, pi. i. f I HE 19th century began with the tumult and A. ferment of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars which broke many of the political and social barriers that had divided Europe. Through these broken barriers stretched the communication lines of the revolutionary armies, in particular a semaphore telegraph system (figs. 1-5) invented by Claude Chappe in 1792.' Messages were sent in the Chappe system by using the various positions of the crossarms on a pole to symbolize numbers. Sets of such num- bers could be looked up in a dictionary that correlated each set with a French word. Later the Emperor 1 Anonymous, Beschreibung und Abbildung des Telegrap/ien, oder der neuerjundenen Fernschreibemaschine in Paris, Leipzig, 1795; Grethe, "Der erste Chappe'sche Telegraph in Paris, Archiv Jiir Post und Telegraphie, 1895, vol. 23, pp. 650-654; Ignace Chappe, Histoire de la telegraphie, Paris, 1824, 2 vols.; Abbe F. N. M. Moigno, Traite de telegraphie Hectrique, Paris, 1849, pp. 252-258. used this telegraph to administer his conquests. In good weather each symbol of a message was carried through the 14 stations between Paris and the Rhine in about 6 minutes. It took about a quarter of an hour for a message to go from the Rhine to Berlin.^ Napoleon wanted mobile telegraph units to assist in his invasion of Russia but this project was never car- ried out. At various times during the first part of the 19th century, optical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and electrical telegraphs were both suggested and invented to compete with this semaphore telegraph; but it was not until mid-century that the semaphore telegraph was finally replaced by the electromagnetic telegraph. The first attempt to use electric current to transmit information resulted directly from the use of the Chappe telegraph. Bavaria was allied with France 2 Franz
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