. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. 368 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 119. 20 km IOWA Figure 1. Map of Houston and Fillmore counties of Minnesota and La Crosse County of Wisconsin showing locations of 12 woodpecker nest tree study plots in upper midwestern oak forests, 1997-1998. tree species are preferred substrates for woodpecker nest excavation (Thomas et al. 1979). The characteristics of nest trees used by woodpeck- ers have been widely studied in some regions of North America. Research on woodpecker nest site selection in the western United States i
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. 368 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 119. 20 km IOWA Figure 1. Map of Houston and Fillmore counties of Minnesota and La Crosse County of Wisconsin showing locations of 12 woodpecker nest tree study plots in upper midwestern oak forests, 1997-1998. tree species are preferred substrates for woodpecker nest excavation (Thomas et al. 1979). The characteristics of nest trees used by woodpeck- ers have been widely studied in some regions of North America. Research on woodpecker nest site selection in the western United States is most extensive (McClel- land and Frissel 1975; Bull and Meslow 1977; Scott 1978; Scott et al. 1978; Mannan et al. 1980; Scott et al. 1980; Scott and Oldemeyer 1983; Winternitz and Cahn 1983; Raphael and White 1984; Zarnowitz and Manuwal 1985; Sedgewick and Knopf 1986, 1990; Li and Martin 1991; Schreiber and deCalesta 1992; Dobkinetal. 1995). Outside the western , fewer researchers have examined characteristics of nest trees used by wood- peckers. Studies have been done in northern hard- wood forests of Vermont, New York, and New Hamp- shire (Kilham 1971; Swallow et al. 1986; Runde and Capen 1987). Other research was conducted in oak- hickory forests of southwestern Virginia (Conner 1975; Conner et al. 1975, 1976; Conner and Adkisson 1977). Only a few studies focused on the Upper Midwest, including oak-hickory forests of east-central Illinois (Reller 1972) and riparian areas in Iowa (Stauffer and Best 1982). Because characteristics of snags vary widely among biotic communities (Zeedyk 1983), information from other regions may not be applicable to upper mid- western oak forests. Geographically specific informa- tion on nest tree requirements of woodpeckers is need- ed to develop regional forest management guidelines for cavity-nesting birds. The objective of our study was to identify attributes of nest trees used by primary cavity-nesting birds (woodpeckers). We address the
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