. Brigham Young University science bulletin. Biology -- Periodicals. Biological Sekies, Vol. 16, No. 1 lIvoiuiANt hium and TiinoAr Mvi>loc;v PLETHODON riDAE 67 SALAMANDRIDAE AMBYSTOMIDAE â f -f ⦠-f -f SALAMANDRIDAE PLETHODONTIDAE. AMBYSTOMIDAE Fig. 20. Diagrams depicting the possible phylogenetic relatioiisliips between the .Ambvsfomidae. Salamandridae, and Plethodontidae. 3. The first radial cartilages are entirely car- tilaginous. They are usually long, slender rods that may or may not unite with the tips of the ceratohyal; although in A. cingitlatiun they are very short and rounded. In
. Brigham Young University science bulletin. Biology -- Periodicals. Biological Sekies, Vol. 16, No. 1 lIvoiuiANt hium and TiinoAr Mvi>loc;v PLETHODON riDAE 67 SALAMANDRIDAE AMBYSTOMIDAE â f -f ⦠-f -f SALAMANDRIDAE PLETHODONTIDAE. AMBYSTOMIDAE Fig. 20. Diagrams depicting the possible phylogenetic relatioiisliips between the .Ambvsfomidae. Salamandridae, and Plethodontidae. 3. The first radial cartilages are entirely car- tilaginous. They are usually long, slender rods that may or may not unite with the tips of the ceratohyal; although in A. cingitlatiun they are very short and rounded. In Dicamptodoti there is a joint midwav along the length of the first radial. 4. The second radial cartilages are always unossified and curve dorsally to meet the oto- glossal. Dicainptodon has a fusion of the second radials and the otoglossal plate to form a single platelike structure. 5. There is usually no ossification in the first ceratobranchial. One specimen of A. ciiiriiilatum contained a spot of hone in the medial end of this structure which represented 11 percent of the total volume of the first ceratobranchial. 6. The second ceratobranchial is always un- ossified and articulates with the first branchial arch either at the joint between the first cera- tobranchial and the epibranchial or immediatelv posterior to that joint. 7. There is an epibranchial cartilage in all species included in this study. However, in some the articulation of this structure with the first ceratobranchial is indistinct. This is the case in Dicamptodoti, A. anmdatnm, and A. cingulatiun. S. The ceratohval is often ossified on its pos- terior or distal tip. 9. The second basibranchial is present in all species. Its shape is .3-radiate, 4-radiate, or an inverted V. Usually, the central portion is ossi- fied with the tips of the lateral amis remaining cartilaginous. In Dicomptodon, Rhtjacotriton, and A. opacum, the entire structure is cartilag- inous. 10. The linea alba is usually wide at the leve
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