. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. BULLETIN No. 903 ȉ *> - - -. - i Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief. SLW^WU Washington, PROFESSIONAL PAPER April 22, 1921 THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA1 IN CALIFORNIA, By W. M. Davidson, Scientific Assistant, and R. L. Nougaret,2 Entomological Assistant, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. CONTENTS. Page. California history 1 Accidental and natural spread 7 Distribution of phylloxera in Cali- fornia 11 Vineyard destruction 15 Nomenclature and synonymy of the grape phylloxera 26 Biology of
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. BULLETIN No. 903 »â *> - - -. - i Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief. SLW^WU Washington, PROFESSIONAL PAPER April 22, 1921 THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA1 IN CALIFORNIA, By W. M. Davidson, Scientific Assistant, and R. L. Nougaret,2 Entomological Assistant, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. CONTENTS. Page. California history 1 Accidental and natural spread 7 Distribution of phylloxera in Cali- fornia 11 Vineyard destruction 15 Nomenclature and synonymy of the grape phylloxera 26 Biology of the grape phylloxera in California : 27 The radicicole 44 Page. The nymph and winged form 73 Nymphicals or intermediate 82 The sexual forms 90 The gallicole and its relation to Cali- fornia conditions 95 Effects of water and heat on phyl- loxera 98 Diffusion of phylloxera 100 Summary 122 Literature cited 127 CALIFORNIA HISTORY. EARLY VINE PLANTING IN CALIFORNIA. The grape phylloxera is not native to California. It has long been recognized as originating in North America, but its native habitat is east of the Rocky Mountains. The insect has not established itself upon the native vine of California (Vitis californica) in the wild state, whereas in Arizona it is established on native vines. 1 Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch). 2 Now in charge, Viticulture Service, California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, Calif. Note.âIn connection with other work in California, the office of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, has been engaged in an investigation of the grape phylloxera during several years past, with principal headquarters for the work at Walnut Creek. The work inaugurated by E. L. Jenne, upon his death was taken over by S. W. Foster, assisted by R. L. Nougaret. Upon Mr. Foster's leaving the service, the investigation was continued by Messrs. Nougaret and Davidson, the latter giving espec
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