. Six thousand years of history. litycame to a head in 1203, when the Crusaders of thefourth expedition, headed by Baldwin, Count of Flan-ders, and the Marquis of Montferrat (in Italy) interferedin the dynastic arrangements of the Greek was resented by the Greeks, who deposed andkilled the rulers set over them by the Crusaders, and theend of it all was the storming of Constantinople in 1204by a combined force of French and Venetians. The Eastern Empire was now broken up for a Venetians got Crete and the islands in the south ofthe ^gean Sea (the Archipelago). There was a Gr
. Six thousand years of history. litycame to a head in 1203, when the Crusaders of thefourth expedition, headed by Baldwin, Count of Flan-ders, and the Marquis of Montferrat (in Italy) interferedin the dynastic arrangements of the Greek was resented by the Greeks, who deposed andkilled the rulers set over them by the Crusaders, and theend of it all was the storming of Constantinople in 1204by a combined force of French and Venetians. The Eastern Empire was now broken up for a Venetians got Crete and the islands in the south ofthe ^gean Sea (the Archipelago). There was a GreekEmpire still round Nicaea or Nice in the northwest ofAsia Minor, and another, called the Empire of Trebiz-ond, along the southern shore of the Black Sea. TheGreek dominion also included Greece and Epirus. TheLatin Kingdom at Constantinople lasted till 1261, whenConstantinople was won back by the Nicsean Emperor,and the Eastern Empire continued till its final over-throw by the Ottoman Turks at the end of this period THE CRUSADES 353 There were other crusades of less 1218 a large force from western Europe went toEgypt, and captured Damietta after a long siege, butthe enterprise ended in total failure. In 1228 FrederickII, Emperor of Germany, assumed the cross (as thephrase was), and started for Palestine with a powerfularmament from the harbors of Sicily and Apulia. Onhis arrival in the Holy Land Frederick entered Jeru-salem, and the Mohammedan ruler surrendered thatand some other cities to the Christians; this state ofthings lasted only till 1243, when Palestine was over-whelmed by an invasion of fresh hordes of Turks fromthe Caspian; Jerusalem has never since been a Christianpossession. The Seventh and Eighth Crusades wereundertaken by Louis IX of France. In A. D. 1249 thisvirtuous and fanatical sovereign went with a great forceagainst Egypt, hoping to win his way thence up to Jeru-salem. Damietta was at once captured, but sickness,famine, and the M
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