. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. TUNICATES AND MARINE POLLUTANTS 69 B ^a- 5% 40- creosote (%) 1% — •-•- c 0 H 30- T ..I. -~ *~' "->. 0% 1 0 CL 0) \ 0 o ™, t t on \ > CD ^U \ , .c \ *( \« \\ T 2 \J ,. o .^ 5? 10- ~f—^^; -a 1 1 n 2 4 6 8 10 exposure period (days) 60 50- 40- 30- 20- 10-. • 1 1 creosote (%) 10 FigureS. Frequencies (percentages of the total hemocyte population ± SEM. n = 4) of (A) large granu- lar hemocytes in hemolymph harvested from tunicates after various periods of exposure to a range of creosote concentrations in aqua
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. TUNICATES AND MARINE POLLUTANTS 69 B ^a- 5% 40- creosote (%) 1% — •-•- c 0 H 30- T ..I. -~ *~' "->. 0% 1 0 CL 0) \ 0 o ™, t t on \ > CD ^U \ , .c \ *( \« \\ T 2 \J ,. o .^ 5? 10- ~f—^^; -a 1 1 n 2 4 6 8 10 exposure period (days) 60 50- 40- 30- 20- 10-. • 1 1 creosote (%) 10 FigureS. Frequencies (percentages of the total hemocyte population ± SEM. n = 4) of (A) large granu- lar hemocytes in hemolymph harvested from tunicates after various periods of exposure to a range of creosote concentrations in aquaria, or (B) small, large, and large granular hemocytes harvested from tuni- cates that been exposed to various doses of creosote for 4 days in aquaria. Although the use of TBT on pleasure craft is now pro- hibited widely, it is still applied to larger vessels and re- mains a common harbor contaminant (NSW Environ- ment Protection Authority, pers. comm.; Stebbing, 1985). For use on small craft, TBT has been superseded by copper-based antifouling products. Like TBT. copper is known to have substantial immunological effects on aquatic organisms at subacute doses (Roales and Perl- mutter. 1977). Creosote is a hydrocarbon-based protec- tive coating that is frequently used on pylons, wharves, and netting. It is composed of about 85% PAH. 10% phe- nolic compounds, and 5% heterocyclic compounds (Fai- sal et ai, 1991). PAHsin particular have been associated with a variety of physiological effects including carcino- genesis and the alteration of immune reactivity in hu- mans and other animals (Faisal et ai, 1991: National Re- search Council, USA, 1972). In fish, PAHs are responsi- ble for the development of eye lens cataracts, gill necrosis, degeneration of renal epithelia, and neoplasia. They can also inhibit macrophage function, cellular cy- totoxicity, and cellular proliferation (Faisal el ai. 1991). The range of doses that were tested in this study include levels that c
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