. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1984 Darby and Pruitt: Woodland Caribou in Southeastern Manitoba 187 respectively) exposed by sublimation of snow in old feeding craters and clearings on Jack Pine-rock ridges, south-facing slopes and lakeshores. They also fed on the tips of willow {Salix sp.) and alder (AInus sp.) twigs. In April sightings of Caribou and Caribou tracks were relatively numerous on mature coniferous uplands and lake ice (Table 1). During late spring and summer Caribou were observed feeding on ground forbs, deciduous foliage and arboreal and ground lichens, and they used a greate
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1984 Darby and Pruitt: Woodland Caribou in Southeastern Manitoba 187 respectively) exposed by sublimation of snow in old feeding craters and clearings on Jack Pine-rock ridges, south-facing slopes and lakeshores. They also fed on the tips of willow {Salix sp.) and alder (AInus sp.) twigs. In April sightings of Caribou and Caribou tracks were relatively numerous on mature coniferous uplands and lake ice (Table 1). During late spring and summer Caribou were observed feeding on ground forbs, deciduous foliage and arboreal and ground lichens, and they used a greater diversity of habitat types (Table 1). Caribou calved in early May. Surveillance of islands and lakeshores revealed at least six Caribou using lakes frequently during late spring and summer of 1975: one cow-calf pair, two single cows (calves not observed if present), and two bulls. During the same period in 1976, at least three cow-calf pairs and two bulls were known to use islands and lakeshores fre- quently. Excursions into mainland portions of the late spring-summer range showed that many Caribou were still using mainland habitats. In early autumn Caribou aggregated near semi- open and open bogs; this coincided with the dormancy of ground forbs and leafy browse, and with onset of the rut. Caribou fed on ground lichens, arboreal lichens, sedges and bog cricoids (Andromeda glauco- phylla, Chamaedaplme calyculata, Kalmia polifolia. Ledumgroenlandicum) at that time. The intensive use of bogs continued until snow restricted travel in mid- February; Caribou then used feeding craters on Jack Pine-rock ridges where they fed on Cladonia sp. and Vaccinium myrtilloides. Throughout winter Caribou used frozen lakes for travel, escape habitat and craters for drinking overflow water. Loafing on lakes was only common in late winter. During most of each winter snow cover was thickest in semi-open and open bogs, less on Jack Pine-rock ridges and least on lake ice (Figure 2). Until mid- Febru
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