The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 2); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . scribed for four distinct occasions, modern customas limited it to two: first, after the death of theparishioner, to which the term passing-bell has beenincorrectly transferred; and the second time duringthe procession of the funeral from the house of thedeceased to the church-gate or entrance. In manyplaces it was formerly customary by some variationin the manner of ringing to indicate the sex, quality,or age of the deceased. Thus Durandus in
The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 2); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . scribed for four distinct occasions, modern customas limited it to two: first, after the death of theparishioner, to which the term passing-bell has beenincorrectly transferred; and the second time duringthe procession of the funeral from the house of thedeceased to the church-gate or entrance. In manyplaces it was formerly customary by some variationin the manner of ringing to indicate the sex, quality,or age of the deceased. Thus Durandus in thefourteenth century directed that when anyone wasin extremis the passing-bell should be tolled twice fora woman, thrice for a man, and for a cleric a greaternumber of times according to the orders which hehad received. Among Celtic peoples the ancienthand-bells which, as already noted, were so deeplyvenerated partly as objects imrnediately connectedwith Gods worship, partly as rehcs of holy men,were usually carried and rung at funerals. To thisday St. Finnans little bell lies exposed upon thealtar of a ruined chapel in one of the Catholic dis-. Byzantine Hand-Bell of Bronze inTHE Collection of the Abp. of Reims BELLS 422 BELLS tricts of the Highlands of Scotland. It is used atfunerals, but is otherwise left unprotected, being re-garded with such deep veneration by all that no onedares to interfere with it (see Macdonald, Moidart,Oban, 1889, 120). In many parts of France therewere formerly confraternities of hand-bell-ringers whoregularly attended funerals, walking at the head ofthe procession. They also paraded the streets atnight and rang to remind people to pray for theholy souls. This happened especially on the eve ofAll Saints and on Christmas Eve (Morillot, Clochet-tes, 160 sqq.). In Rome the De Profundis is rung every even-ing by the parish churches one hour after the AveMaria. Clement XII in 1736 granted an indulgencefor this practice and endeavoured to extend it. This
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