. A history of the United States. machinery, and building material. In 1876 iron was chiefly manufactured in the neighborhoodof Pittsburgh. After the ore was obtained principally fromthe Northwest, other cities became rivals of mills must be located where they can bring their coaland iron ore together cheaply and at places from which thefinished articles can be forwarded to the best markets. For♦this reason many steel mills have been built along the southshore of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan, with Cleveland andChicago as the centers. New Uses for Iron and Steel. — Inventions ha
. A history of the United States. machinery, and building material. In 1876 iron was chiefly manufactured in the neighborhoodof Pittsburgh. After the ore was obtained principally fromthe Northwest, other cities became rivals of mills must be located where they can bring their coaland iron ore together cheaply and at places from which thefinished articles can be forwarded to the best markets. For♦this reason many steel mills have been built along the southshore of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan, with Cleveland andChicago as the centers. New Uses for Iron and Steel. — Inventions have never NEW USES OF IRON AND STEEL 469 been made so fast as since the Civil War. Man has seemeddetermined to find machines for all his work. Some wereborrowed from Europeans, others were invented by Ameri-cans, some are merely improvements of older inventions,others introduce entirely new methods of work. Many oldtools like the blacksmiths hammer and the wood-workerschisel and the laborers shovel were enlarged and driven by. A Bessemer Converter of Iron into Steel steam or electricity. These great hammers, lathes, andsteam shovels are able to do the work of scores of menworking in the old manner. Saws and planes and chiselswhich cut stone and iron as easily as wood have come intouse. Machines have been built for cutting coal in mines,digging ditches, and laying railroad tracks. Other machines make wire, tacks, bolts, screws, nails, andpins. One of them takes thin wire, cuts it into short lengths,puts a head on the pieces, sharpens these at the other end, andsticks them into papers—a paper of pins ready for the market. 470 THE NEW METHODS OF WORKING The machinery for making paper and for printing news-papers and books is still more remarkable. Paper wasformerly made entirely from cotton and linen rags. Thedemand for a cheaper paper led to the discovery of a newmethod of manufacturing it. Soft poplar, pine, or sprucelogs are ground into a pulp, dried, and rolled into sheet
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