History of the United States . lders from that State began to take possession. Many of these were bona fide settlers; othersCame in armed bands and committed many outrages. Thesewere called border ruffians by both honest free State menand by those equally lawless in opposition to them. i It was claimed that this line had already been disregarded or doneaway with by reason of the admission of the whole of California as freesoil in 1850; although the parallel of 36° 30 had originally applied only tothe Louisiana purchase. The whole of Kansas, the Dakotas, together withsuch portions of Montana, W
History of the United States . lders from that State began to take possession. Many of these were bona fide settlers; othersCame in armed bands and committed many outrages. Thesewere called border ruffians by both honest free State menand by those equally lawless in opposition to them. i It was claimed that this line had already been disregarded or doneaway with by reason of the admission of the whole of California as freesoil in 1850; although the parallel of 36° 30 had originally applied only tothe Louisiana purchase. The whole of Kansas, the Dakotas, together withsuch portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado as lay east of the RockyMountains, were at first included in the territory of Nebraska. The doctrineof popular sovereignty (frequently called squatter sovereignty), sup-ported chiefly by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, split the Democratic party,one division maintaining that the decision as to slave or free labor should bemade only after the territory had framed a THE SUMNER-BROOKS AFFAIR 253. The proximity of Missouri to the Kansas border was, however,offset by the energy of the aboHtion societies in the North, whichequipped emigrants with money, suppUes, and munitions of war.^Settlers from either section went prepared for partisan settlers andwarfare. The factions settled in different parts of the From^ th*lterritory and organized rival governments. Conflict ^^^and bloodshed followed. One territorial governor after anotherresigned or was forced from office by theBloodshed terrorism and outlawry in whichboth sides participated in about equal measure,although the cold-blooded massacre of fivesettlers at Pottawottomie Creek by a bandof free State men under the leadershipof John Brown and his sons, was the mostnotorious crime of the ^ 188. The Siimner=Brooks Affair in theUnited States Senate.—The Kansas troubleswere echoed in an unhappy fashion in theUnited States Senate in May, 1856. SenatorSumner of Massachusetts, in the course of
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