A dictionary of Greek and Roman . of other animals (ravpetr], KTiSer], x. 258, 335 ; alyeirj, Od. xxiv. 230 ; Herod,vii. 77 ; compare updvr] aKuriua, Xen. Anab. v. 4.§ 13 ; galea lupina^ Prop. iv. 11. 19), and even tothose which were entirely of bronze or iron (iray-Xa^Kos, Od, xviii. 377). The leathern basis ofthe helmet was also very commonly strengthenedand adorned by the addition of either bronze orgold, which is expressed by such epithets as xaA~K-fjprjs, evxaKKOs, xpucrei??, Helmets which had ametallic basis (Kpdvt] xa^K<*, Xen. Anab. i. 2. §16) were in Latin pr
A dictionary of Greek and Roman . of other animals (ravpetr], KTiSer], x. 258, 335 ; alyeirj, Od. xxiv. 230 ; Herod,vii. 77 ; compare updvr] aKuriua, Xen. Anab. v. 4.§ 13 ; galea lupina^ Prop. iv. 11. 19), and even tothose which were entirely of bronze or iron (iray-Xa^Kos, Od, xviii. 377). The leathern basis ofthe helmet was also very commonly strengthenedand adorned by the addition of either bronze orgold, which is expressed by such epithets as xaA~K-fjprjs, evxaKKOs, xpucrei??, Helmets which had ametallic basis (Kpdvt] xa^K<*, Xen. Anab. i. 2. §16) were in Latin properly called cassides ( xviii. 14 ; Tacit. Germ. 6 ; Caesar, B. G. ), although the terms galea and cassis are oftenconfounded. A casque (cassis) found at Pompeiij is preserved in the collection at Goodrich Court,o o 3 566 GALEA. Herefordshire. (Skelton, Engraved lllust. i. pi. 44.)The perforations for the lining and exterior borderare visible along its edge. A side and a frontview of it are presented in the annexed Two casques very like this were fished up from thebed of the Alpheus, near Olympia, and are in thepossession of Mr. Hamilton. (Dodwell, Tour,vol. ii. p. 330.) Among the materials used forthe lining of helmets were felt (tt7\os, Horn. 265) and sponge. (Aristot. H. A. v. 16.) The helmet, especially that of skin or leather,was sometimes a mere cap conformed to the shapeof the head, without either crest or any other orna-ment (oupaXov Te Kal aho<pou, II. x. 358). In thisstate it was probably used in hunting (galea vena-tojia, C. Nep. Dat. iii. 2.), and was called Karai-tu| (Horn. //. /. c), in Latin Cudo. The pre-ceding woodcut shows an example of it as worn byDiomede in a small Greek bronze, which is also inthe collection at Goodrich Court. (Skelton, I. c.)The additions by which the external appearance ofthe helmet was varied, and which served both forornament and protection, were the following : — 1. Bosses or plates, proceeding
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