. Cassell's popular gardening. Gardening. GROUND OPERATIONS. 241 and execution of the drains, and only the best materials are used; but so soon as the nearest waterway is reached the drains are run into it, very often on the level, and not seldom under it. Many times it is in flood, and, of course, unless the water has free course from the mouth of the drains, the drains themselves are useless. They are not merely stopped for the time being, but disorganised throughout their entire course. For flooded drains become weak as mud, and almost as difiicult to keep level or on an even fall. Hence, s
. Cassell's popular gardening. Gardening. GROUND OPERATIONS. 241 and execution of the drains, and only the best materials are used; but so soon as the nearest waterway is reached the drains are run into it, very often on the level, and not seldom under it. Many times it is in flood, and, of course, unless the water has free course from the mouth of the drains, the drains themselves are useless. They are not merely stopped for the time being, but disorganised throughout their entire course. For flooded drains become weak as mud, and almost as difiicult to keep level or on an even fall. Hence, so soon as the flood permits them to run they often get out of level, and are thus rendered totally useless. The Tools for Making Drains.âThese are both special and numerous. The spade is the chief or only tool needed to make stone drains. A deep furrow was taken out with a broad-moulded plough, and from this part the spade did the work, cutting it down square and even, and to a depth of two or more feet throughout, narrowing to a foot or eighteen inches at the base. But with the introduc- tion of tiles a whole family of draining tools has sprung forth. The purport of most of these is to cut or scoop out the drain as deeply as wanted, while keeping it as narrow as possible. To this end spades little wider than chisels are used in some. Fir^. 20.âDraining Tools. Another great fault in regard to outlets is that they are so often left without any grates or guards. â Those who have had experience of the enormous injury inflicted on drains by rats and other vermin that find lodging and breeding-grounds there in dry Weather, and by their persistent efforts burrow their way under or out of them, to the partial or complete disruption of the drains, will be sure to protect any outlet that comes to the light with wire or other vermin-guard. Where drains discharge from the side of a high bank, a very simple mode of protec- tion consists in running a long tile some way beyond and clear o
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade18, booksubjectgardening, bookyear1884
