Greece/Byzantium/Turkey: Epinoia holds a mandragora for Dioscorides, from the Codex Vienna Dioscorides, 512 CE. One of the pictures from the Vienna Dioscorides (fol. 5 verso). The allegorical figure Epinoia (thinking power) holds a Mandragora. The painter creates an image and Dioscorides (right) describes the plant. The Vienna Dioscurides/Vienna Dioscorides is an early 6th century illuminated manuscript of De Materia Medica by Dioscorides in Greek. It is an important and rare example of a late antique scientific text. The 491 vellum folios contain more than 400 pictures of animals and plants

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