. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 259 (A) LE2. (B) DJ "c 10- E 0 8 - | .^11 '•^ 4 - O 03 1 1 f ft 3 2 0 - LE2 LEO LE4 LP PP PH PHCE PHCI RD Ax Muscle Figure 1. IA) The Tramitichromis intermedius pharyngeal muscles. Arrows indicate the direction of movement of lite pharyngeal jaws due to muscular contraction. Abbreviations are as follows: LE2, levator externus 2: LE.\ levator externus 3; LE4. levator extermis 4: LP. levator posterior; PP. protractor pectoralis: PH. pharyngohyoideus; PHCE. pharyngocleithralis externus; PHCI, pharyngo
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 259 (A) LE2. (B) DJ "c 10- E 0 8 - | .^11 '•^ 4 - O 03 1 1 f ft 3 2 0 - LE2 LEO LE4 LP PP PH PHCE PHCI RD Ax Muscle Figure 1. IA) The Tramitichromis intermedius pharyngeal muscles. Arrows indicate the direction of movement of lite pharyngeal jaws due to muscular contraction. Abbreviations are as follows: LE2, levator externus 2: LE.\ levator externus 3; LE4. levator extermis 4: LP. levator posterior; PP. protractor pectoralis: PH. pharyngohyoideus; PHCE. pharyngocleithralis externus; PHCI, pharyngocleithralis interims: RD. retractor dorsalis: DPI. dorsal pharyngeal jaw; VPJ, ventral pharyngeal jaw. IB) En:vinatic activities of L-lactate dehydrogenase from different T. intermedius pharyngeal muscles. pathways. Comparative analysis between muscles can further elu- cidate the degree of functional specialization that these tissues have undergone relative to other muscles in the body. This tech- nique has been employed in a variety of different taxa—for ex- ample, fishes (4), frogs (5), and bats (6)—to demonstrate func- tional differences between muscle types. Captive-bred Tramitichromis intermedius (born in July 2000 from wild-caught parents from Lake Malawi, Africa) were kept in 75-gallon aquaria. Fish were euthanized with MS-222, and the opercles were removed. Muscles involved in movement of the dorsal and ventral pharyngeal jaws were removed and weighed: levator externi 2. 3, 4 (LE2, LE3. LE4). levator posterior (LP), protractor pectoralis (PP), pharyngohyoideus (PH). pharyngo- cleithralis externus (PHCE). pharnygocleithralis internus (PHCI). and retractor dorsalis (RD) (Fig. 1 A). Axial muscle (Ax) from the tail was also removed and served as a comparison for fast-twitch muscle. Muscle nomenclature follows Liem (1). Tissues were homogenized in 1 ml of buffer ( mM Tris and 1 mM EGTA. pH ). and analyzed for activities of L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH;
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
