. The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation . ing sister. The steamer with hull and machinery has agreater field in which to perfect improvements,and it is really remarkable how much the sailingvessel has been improved and how long she hasheld out under the goading competition of ad-vancing steam. Iron and steel were found to bequite as usable in the construction of sailing vesselsas in steamers, and these materials have beenadopted, although it did not come as promptlyas was the case with steam vessels. The spreadingof sails
. The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation . ing sister. The steamer with hull and machinery has agreater field in which to perfect improvements,and it is really remarkable how much the sailingvessel has been improved and how long she hasheld out under the goading competition of ad-vancing steam. Iron and steel were found to bequite as usable in the construction of sailing vesselsas in steamers, and these materials have beenadopted, although it did not come as promptlyas was the case with steam vessels. The spreadingof sails to the wind seems to be a simple process,but it has been improved almost as fast as thedevices for harnessing steam. The typical sailingvessel of 1850 was a square-rigged ship—a vesselwith several spars at right angles to each of severalmasts and many square sails high aloft. Muchrigging held this complex harness together, andthe numerous sails were set and reefed by manymen far aloft at the risk of their lives. The thou-sand-ton East Indiaman of 1850 had a crewof eighty hands, a 2,500-ton four-masted bark. Per cent. iSpo. 1S98. 1901. reduction. 31 2-73 25 Ship Development 17 of 1900 had thirty-three hands. Taking the figuresfor the British merchant marine for twenty-oneyears it appears that the saihng vessel has actuallyreduced her crew faster than the steamer. ForBritish vessels engaged in the foreign trade thenumber of crew per one hundred tons net registerhas been as follows: 18S0. Sailing vessel Steamer These figures from the British marine are butaverages of many vessels of all ages and do notcover the case as accurately as would figures whichdescribed only the most modern types. The British figures refer too much to the fast-disappearing square-rigged ship, which promisesto disappear from the competition of the typicalAmerican sailing vessel, the schooner. The ad-vantage of this rig ^ lies in the absence of theyards and spars, the sa
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1900, booki, booksubjectmerchantmarine
