Pyelography (pyelo-ureterography) a study of the normal and pathologic anatomy of the renal pelvis and ureter . Fig. 36.—Normal pelvis. sence of the terminal irregularities in the upper calyx andthe general broadening of the ends of the calyces are sug-gestive of inflammatory changes there; however, thepresence of a normal contour in the remaining calyces ex-cludes the probability of infection. As a rule, the normal minor calyces are narrow and short,but not infrequently they are seen to be of considerable Figs. 25 and 36 the minor calyces are of such size that THE NORMAL PELVIS 69 the
Pyelography (pyelo-ureterography) a study of the normal and pathologic anatomy of the renal pelvis and ureter . Fig. 36.—Normal pelvis. sence of the terminal irregularities in the upper calyx andthe general broadening of the ends of the calyces are sug-gestive of inflammatory changes there; however, thepresence of a normal contour in the remaining calyces ex-cludes the probability of infection. As a rule, the normal minor calyces are narrow and short,but not infrequently they are seen to be of considerable Figs. 25 and 36 the minor calyces are of such size that THE NORMAL PELVIS 69 they might be regarded as secondary major calyces. Unlessthe pelvis is well distended, the minor calyces may be moreor less obscured and give the impression of slight inflamma-tory changes. Should the patient breathe or move whilethe pyelogram is being made, the outline of the minorcalyces may become blurred, and suggest the presence of apathologic process. In Fig. 37 the minor calyces in the. Fig. 37.—Normal pelvis. right pelvis are but faintly visible because of insufficientdistention. Position of the Normal Renal Pelvis.—The position ofthe normal renal pelvis as seen in the pyelogram taken inthe dorsal position varies considerably. It is usuallyfound at a level of the last rib or a short distance below a high-lying kidney the upper calyx may often extendas high as the tenth intercostal space, and, in exceptional 70 PYELOGRAPHY instances, even as high as the tenth rib. Although it wouldbe difficult to place any arbitrary limit to the lowest normallevel at which the pelvis may be situated, nevertheless,when it is found below the level of the third lumbar vertebra,its position may be regarded as abnormal. When thepyelogram is made subsequently with the patient in theerect position, both pelves usually drop to a varying the kidneys are freely movable, this excursion isoften quite marked. The pelvis of the right kidney is found to lie at a lowerlevel t
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, booksubjectkidneys, bookyear1915
