. The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic. Oceanography. VIII INVERTEBRATE BOTTOM FAUNA 485 digitatum, belonging to the same group, upon hard bottom in the littoral zone. We must also include among the alcyonaria the sea-tree, Paragorgia arborea (see Fig. 343), which is taller than a man and has many branches. Of true corals we may mention Lophohelia pro lifer a and Amphihelia ramea, though the coral fauna is not regularly distributed over the hard bot
. The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic. Oceanography. VIII INVERTEBRATE BOTTOM FAUNA 485 digitatum, belonging to the same group, upon hard bottom in the littoral zone. We must also include among the alcyonaria the sea-tree, Paragorgia arborea (see Fig. 343), which is taller than a man and has many branches. Of true corals we may mention Lophohelia pro lifer a and Amphihelia ramea, though the coral fauna is not regularly distributed over the hard bottom, but is more or less local ; still there are often numbers of individuals where hard bottom does occur. Several species of hy- droids, such as JLafoea du mosa, Sertula rella gayi, etc., are very common ; and of the bryozoans, Retepora beaniana, easily recog- nisable owing to its trellis-like structure, is both widely distributed and plentiful. So, too, are the brachiopods, Terebratulina caput- serpentis and Wald- heimia cranium, and the two tube - worms, Placostegus tridentatus, the tube of which divides into three tooth - like processes, and Serpula vermicularis (see Fig. 344). Both these worms, it may be added, have calcareous tubes, in contradistinction to the tube-worms of the mud which inhabit tubes of mud or sand. There is, besides, a species of barnacle (Verruca stromi) on the stones, which is frequently nearly as abundant as Balanus balanoides in the tidal area. It would take too long to give a full description of the unattached fauna associated with the hard bottom. I will therefore merely point out that some free forms occur only upon the attached forms, and seem accordingly to be dependent. Fig. 343. Branch of Paragorgia arborea, Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Murray, John
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