. Karakoram and western Himalaya 1909, an account of the expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, duke of the Abruzzi. d ourselves unconsciously quickening ouisteps. We frequently came across places where the path had disappearedunder streams of mud, which had formed into fan-shape and then driedand hardened, leaving deep indentations on the brow of the overhangingcliff. At other points, where side ravines joined the main valley, wewould go down to the bottom of deep torrential beds covered with a Lydekker, The Geology of Kashmir and Chamba Territories. Mem. oj the Geol. Surv. ofIn
. Karakoram and western Himalaya 1909, an account of the expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, duke of the Abruzzi. d ourselves unconsciously quickening ouisteps. We frequently came across places where the path had disappearedunder streams of mud, which had formed into fan-shape and then driedand hardened, leaving deep indentations on the brow of the overhangingcliff. At other points, where side ravines joined the main valley, wewould go down to the bottom of deep torrential beds covered with a Lydekker, The Geology of Kashmir and Chamba Territories. Mem. oj the Geol. Surv. ofIndia, 22, 1883, p. 18G. (9221) K 2 148 Chapter IX. thick layer of hardened mud, through the middle of which oozed a thintrickle of muddy water. These were plainly the beds of found none in active progress, but these traces sufficed to show thegreat difficulty they must present when they flow across the road manyyards wide and deep, carrying down with them heavy masses of are a characteristic feature of all upper Baltistan, where they areknown as shwa. Many a traveller has been surprised by one of these. THE noH LIMBA AXD THE MUSHUM CiROUP. movnig masses—half avalanche, half flood—and has run grave dangerof seeing some of his caravan carried off by them. All our predecessors,Godwin Austen, Conway, tlie Workmans and the Eckenstein-Pfannl-Guillarmod expedition, witnessed the strange phenomenon on u smalleror greater scale. ^ The origin of the streams has never been fully explained. Verydifterent forms of alluvial action have, in fact, been included under the In addition to the works of the above-named authors, already quoted, see Col. H. C. Our Present Knowledge of the Hinuilayas. Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. 13. 1891, p. ;and the article of Ch. Rabot, Glacial Reservoirs and their Outbursts. Geog. Jour. 2n, 1905, p. .54.). From Skardu to Askoley. 149 name shwa—as, for instance, gi-eat floods caused by the breaking of atemporary dam formed
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