. A manual of marine engineering: comprising the design, construction, and working of marine machinery. pressures, as well asthe necessity for obtain-ing pure water, that pre-vented the general useof the tubulous boiler ata very early date. From the beginningof the nineteenth cen-tury engineers have,both in this country andAmerica, tried the water-tube type of boiler forhigh-pressure made by in 1805 con-sisted of copper tubes1 inch diameter andabout i feet long. Fromhis time to the presentthe number of inventionsof a tubulous form ofboiler is almost legion,as every engin
. A manual of marine engineering: comprising the design, construction, and working of marine machinery. pressures, as well asthe necessity for obtain-ing pure water, that pre-vented the general useof the tubulous boiler ata very early date. From the beginningof the nineteenth cen-tury engineers have,both in this country andAmerica, tried the water-tube type of boiler forhigh-pressure made by in 1805 con-sisted of copper tubes1 inch diameter andabout i feet long. Fromhis time to the presentthe number of inventionsof a tubulous form ofboiler is almost legion,as every engineer at sometime of his life has ex-perienced the necessityto satisfy one or other ofthe conditions that makethe tubulous boilersuperior to every otherform. These conditionsmay be laid down as— (1) Simplicity of formof element. (2) Simplicity of con-struction due to small-ness and lightness ofelement. (3) Great strength ofelement in proportion tothe working pressure andconsequent large marginof safety. (4) Small quantity ofwater contained, especially in proportion to the water evaporated per m C5 Pm 400 MANUAL OF MARINE ENGINEERING. (5) General lightness of structure compared with the ordinary marineboiler. (6) Immunity from injury, and eventual destruction by (a) rapidity ofraising steam, (b) forcing when at work, and (c) sudden cooling by drawingor putting out tires. Every tubulous boiler worthy of notice must fulfil the above require-ments ; but, to be successful for everyday use, it should also satisfy thefollowing conditions :— (1) The elements of the boiler must be so disposed and distributed asto be capable of taking up the heat generated by the fire without allowingto pass to the chimney more than is sufticient for draught purposes. (2) The circulation of the water must be positive, continuous, and uniform. (3) The internal and external parts must be capable of easy examina-tion and cleaning. (4) Every part liable to deterioration or derangement must be capabl
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