. A text-book on physiology : for the use of schools and colleges : being an abridgment of the author's larger work on human physiology. muscularcontraction, a kind of swallowing. It isexpelled from them by the contraction ofthe abdominal muscles, and hence the hiss-ing sound emitted during its the simple sac to the cellular lungthe advance is made by degrees, a devel-opment of parietal cells upon the inner sur-face taking place. At the intermediatestage between the simple sac and the highlysubdivided res- Fia 63> piratory organof the mammals,the condition ofthings is well il


. A text-book on physiology : for the use of schools and colleges : being an abridgment of the author's larger work on human physiology. muscularcontraction, a kind of swallowing. It isexpelled from them by the contraction ofthe abdominal muscles, and hence the hiss-ing sound emitted during its the simple sac to the cellular lungthe advance is made by degrees, a devel-opment of parietal cells upon the inner sur-face taking place. At the intermediatestage between the simple sac and the highlysubdivided res- Fia 63> piratory organof the mammals,the condition ofthings is well il-lustrated by thelungs of the of reptue. In ^Fig. 63, a isthe hyoid appa-ratus ; 5, cartilaginous ring atthe root of the lungs; c, thepulmonary vessels; and d d,the pulmonary sacs. Of all tribes, the respiratorymechanism is most highly de-veloped in birds, which, besidesbeing provided with lungs,have air-sacs between the muscles, and respiratory mem-branes spread on the interior of the hollow bones. It What change does the breathing of fishes impress on it ? How isthe respiration of reptiles carried on? Describe Fig.


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Keywords: ., bookautho, bookcentury1800, bookdecade1860, booksubjectphysiology