. The anatomy of the domestic animals. Veterinary anatomy. 244 COMPARATIVE ARTHROLOGY COMPARATIVE ARTHROLOGY i Joints and Ligaments of the Vertebra Ox.—The ligamentuni nuchse is better developed than in tlie horse. The funicular part is clearly divided into two lateral halves, which are round at their occipital attachment, Imt from the axis backward become rapidly wider and flat. This wide portion is almost sagittal, lies on either side of the vertebral spines, and is coveretl by the trapezius and rhomboideus muscles. From the highest part of the withers (third thoracic spine) it gradually dim
. The anatomy of the domestic animals. Veterinary anatomy. 244 COMPARATIVE ARTHROLOGY COMPARATIVE ARTHROLOGY i Joints and Ligaments of the Vertebra Ox.—The ligamentuni nuchse is better developed than in tlie horse. The funicular part is clearly divided into two lateral halves, which are round at their occipital attachment, Imt from the axis backward become rapidly wider and flat. This wide portion is almost sagittal, lies on either side of the vertebral spines, and is coveretl by the trapezius and rhomboideus muscles. From the highest part of the withers (third thoracic spine) it gradually diminishes in size and fades out in the lumbar region. The lamellar part is thick, and consists of anterior and pos- terior parts. The anterior part is double; its fibers proceed from the funicular part to the second, third, and fourth cervical spines. The posterior part is single; its fibers extend from the first thoracic spine to the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical spines. The ventral longitudiual ligament is very strong in the Imubar Funicular part; 6, its Fir,. 25fi. OF Ox. dde portion; r, (/, lamellar part; e, interspinous ligament; 7, spinous process of first thoracic vertebra; 2, axis (Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. d. Haustiere.) The intervertebral fibro-cartilages are thicker than in the horse. The interspinous ligaments of the back and loins consist largely of elastic tissue. There are no intertransverse joints in the lumbar region. Pig.—The ligamentuni nucha is represented by a fibrous raphe and thin layers of elastic tissue which extend between the cervical spines. The atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints resemble those of the dog. Tlie interspinous ligaments of the neck are elastic. Dog.—The ligamentum nuchte consists of a small fibrous band which extends from the spine of the axis to the anterior thoracic spines; it may be regarded as a mere fibrous raphe between the right and left muscles. There are interspinous muscles instead
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