. Manual of fruit insects. uetussock-moth but are of a darker chestnut-brown color. Thegeneral life-habits of this California tussock-moth are similar tothose of the two eastern species. Natural enemies. Tachina flies and other parasites sometimes destroy half ofthe caterpillars and pupse, but the birds do not seem to eat themto any extent in California. The grubs of a Dermestid beetledevour some of the eggs, and others are parasitized by a minutehymenopterous insect, Telenomus orgyice. Remedial treatments. Poison sprays are reported as not very effective against thecaterpillars in California,
. Manual of fruit insects. uetussock-moth but are of a darker chestnut-brown color. Thegeneral life-habits of this California tussock-moth are similar tothose of the two eastern species. Natural enemies. Tachina flies and other parasites sometimes destroy half ofthe caterpillars and pupse, but the birds do not seem to eat themto any extent in California. The grubs of a Dermestid beetledevour some of the eggs, and others are parasitized by a minutehymenopterous insect, Telenomus orgyice. Remedial treatments. Poison sprays are reported as not very effective against thecaterpillars in California, the older ones after eating poisonedfoliage being able to transform to the moths. The measuresrecommended are the collecting and destroying of the eggsduring the winter season, and the beating or jarring of thecaterpillars from the trees, then preventing their ascent with APPLE INSECTS — BUDS AND FOLIAGE 105 sticky rope bands, as described for the white-marked tussock-moth. Reference Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 183. Fig. 115. The antique tussock-moth, full-growncaterpillar. The Antique Tussock-mothNotolophus antiqua Linnaeus This common European pest has been more or less injuriousin America on shade trees and in orchards for nearly a is often seen inNova Scotia, theNew England statesand also occurs asfar westward asWashington. Thecaterpillars resemblethose of the white-marked tussock-moth, but the headis black, and the first two tussocks or brushes of hairs on theback are black on the young caterpillars, but become whitishin later stages (Fig. 115) After the third stage there is alsoan additional pencil of long, black, plume-tipped hairs pro-jecting from each side of the second abdominal segment. In its life history this species differs but little from that ofthe white-marked tussock-moth. There is a single broodannually in its northern range, the eggs hibernate, but thereis no covering on the egg-masses laid on the cocoons. In Eng-land it is said that a few
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