. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 360 SYSTEMS AND ECOLOGY Literature Cited 1. Stein, L., et al. 1975. Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Tech. Rep 75- 48, 1-192. 2. Jacobson, S. 1977. Thesis. Boston University. 3. Karnofsky, E., and H. Price. 1989. Mar. Beliar. P/iynol. 15: 101-121. 4. Cowan, D., and J. Atema. 1990. Anim. Betmv. 39: 1199-1206. 5. Scrivener, J. 1977. Fish. Res Board Can. Tech. Rep. 235: 1-128. 6. Cobb, J. S., and G. R. Tamm. 1975. Mar. Behav Plmiol. 3: 119-124. 7. Phillips, B. F., et al. 1980. The Biology and Management of Lob- sters, pp. 2-72.
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 360 SYSTEMS AND ECOLOGY Literature Cited 1. Stein, L., et al. 1975. Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Tech. Rep 75- 48, 1-192. 2. Jacobson, S. 1977. Thesis. Boston University. 3. Karnofsky, E., and H. Price. 1989. Mar. Beliar. P/iynol. 15: 101-121. 4. Cowan, D., and J. Atema. 1990. Anim. Betmv. 39: 1199-1206. 5. Scrivener, J. 1977. Fish. Res Board Can. Tech. Rep. 235: 1-128. 6. Cobb, J. S., and G. R. Tamm. 1975. Mar. Behav Plmiol. 3: 119-124. 7. Phillips, B. F., et al. 1980. The Biology and Management of Lob- sters, pp. 2-72. 8. Derby, C, and J. Atema. 1982. J. Exp. Biol. 98: 317-327. 9. Cowan, D., and J. Atema. 1986. J. Chem. Ecol. 12: 2065-2080. 10. Atema, J., and D. G. Engstrom. 1971. Nature 232: 261-263. The Response of Oceanic Mixed Layer Depth to Physical Forcing: Modelled vs. Observed M. M. O'Brien (Biology Department, University oj Massachusetts, Dartmouth), Al Plueddemann, and R. A. Welter Mixing within the upper ocean is essential for resupplying nutrients to the depleted surface layer from the nutrient-rich, deeper water. Because productivity in the open ocean is often limited by nutrient availability, the dynamic features of the mixed layer may have a significant impact on such biological phenom- ena as planktonic patchiness and seasonal blooms. The goal of this report is to discuss the vertical structure of the upper ocean. It will concentrate on the physical mechanisms that contribute to fluctuations in the depth of the mixed layer. The mechanisms of surface forcing at the air-sea interface include wind stress, heat flux, and surface waves. Traditionally, emphasis has been placed on the instabilities produced by wind stress and heat flux as the major causes of mixing. In most sur- face-forced upper ocean models (1) a high wind stress is accom- panied by a negative heat flux, which results in an increase in the depth of the mixed layer. Conversely, if a low wind stress and a positive h
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