. School and university grades. cified degree may be computedmathematically. For example, the chest measurement of 5,738 soldiers gavethe following results: — Inches Measured Computed 33 5 7 34 31 29 35 141 110 36 322 323 37 732 732 38 1305 1333 39 1867 1838 40 1882 1987 41 1628 1675 42 1148 1096 43 645 560 44 160 221 45 87 69 46 38 16 47 7 3 48 2 1 If the number of events had been five hundred thousand orfive million, instead of five thousand, the agreement betweenthe computed and observed frequency of each degree of de-parture from the mean would have been very much the number of
. School and university grades. cified degree may be computedmathematically. For example, the chest measurement of 5,738 soldiers gavethe following results: — Inches Measured Computed 33 5 7 34 31 29 35 141 110 36 322 323 37 732 732 38 1305 1333 39 1867 1838 40 1882 1987 41 1628 1675 42 1148 1096 43 645 560 44 160 221 45 87 69 46 38 16 47 7 3 48 2 1 If the number of events had been five hundred thousand orfive million, instead of five thousand, the agreement betweenthe computed and observed frequency of each degree of de-parture from the mean would have been very much the number of cases is unlimited, the agreement is per-fect. The form of the theoretical curve,—the probability in-tegral,—corresponding to the column of results in the abovetable, and according to which these physical characteristicsappear to be distributed is given in Figure 1. The dotted linerepresents the normal curve, the heavy line the approximate (1) Brooks, The Foundation of Zoolog,!/, pp. 156-157. SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY GRADES. i>7 i^ 6J ID stature of 1,025 English Women. (Measured by Karl Pearson.) distribution in stature of 1,025 English women measured byKarl Pearson. - There is considerable evidence that what is true of physical characteristics holds also for mental. In the matter ofgeneral intelligence, we speak of idiots, feeble minded, defi-cient, backward, dull, those of ordinary or average ability, thebright, the brilliant, the man of talent or genius, and of manyfiner distinctions. The majority of people stand between theextremes in the medium classes,—are about average; thosewho are either deficient or gifted are the exceptional, th-;greater the extent of their deficiency or their endowment, th*^fewer there are in either case. And in general the form of distribution is such that be-tween very many individuals the differences are little, thatbetween many they are moderate, and that between only a feware they great. In any group of the same general class withrespe
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