. The Compleat cladist : a primer of phylogenetic procedures. Cladistic analysis; Zoology -- Classification; Phylogeny. Fig. —First polarity decision for TS 1, analysis of the Sidae (Example ). 4. Inspect the tree. Do any of the outgroups have a branching structure? In this example, the sister group has a branching structure. For each group of this kind, you need to assign values to their lowest node. So, you work down to the lowest node. Assign to the highest node in such a group a value derived from its two branches. For example, the value "b" is assigned to node 4 in Fig. 3
. The Compleat cladist : a primer of phylogenetic procedures. Cladistic analysis; Zoology -- Classification; Phylogeny. Fig. —First polarity decision for TS 1, analysis of the Sidae (Example ). 4. Inspect the tree. Do any of the outgroups have a branching structure? In this example, the sister group has a branching structure. For each group of this kind, you need to assign values to their lowest node. So, you work down to the lowest node. Assign to the highest node in such a group a value derived from its two branches. For example, the value "b" is assigned to node 4 in Fig. M N 0 P Q R Sidae Taxa baa b b a a,b Characters. Fig. —Second polarity decision forTS 1, analysis of the Sidae (Example ). 5. Continue in the direction of the ingroup to the next nodes. For this we use a combination of previous decisions (labeled nodes) and new information from terminal taxa whose ancestral nodes have not been labeled. For example, node 3 in Fig. is assigned a decisive "a" based on the "a" of O and the "a,b" of node 2. Node 5 is assigned "a,b" based on the "a" of R and the "b" of node Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Wiley, E. O. Lawrence, Kan. : Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas
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