. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. GENTIANEAE 103 The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Herm. Miiller, 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum F. 5 (proboscis 12-15 mm.) and B. muscorum F. 5 (proboscis 11-15 mm.), both freq., skg., Schulz (Halle), numerous flowers perforated by humble-bees. Kerner, small beetles using the flowers as a refuge. Alfken (Bremen), the bee Halictus flavipes F. 5, po-cltg. H. de Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. ^. 19
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. GENTIANEAE 103 The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Herm. Miiller, 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum F. 5 (proboscis 12-15 mm.) and B. muscorum F. 5 (proboscis 11-15 mm.), both freq., skg., Schulz (Halle), numerous flowers perforated by humble-bees. Kerner, small beetles using the flowers as a refuge. Alfken (Bremen), the bee Halictus flavipes F. 5, po-cltg. H. de Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. ^. 1901. G. acaulis L. (Herm. Miiller, ' Alpenblumen,' pp. 332-6; Ricca, Atti See. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871; Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,'Eng. Ed. i, II, pp. 163, 198, including G. excisa Presl.)—This species bears protandrous odourless humble-bee flowers (' revolver flowers' of Kerner), in which self-pollination is usually excluded. Kerner says that they become pendulous in unfavourable weather, so that pollen which falls out of the anthers is guided to the stigma along the furrows between the folds of the corolla, thus effecting automatic self-pollination. According to Hermann Miiller, opening and closing are not dependent upon increase and decrease of light, but of heat. Kerner states that the flowers open about 7-8 a. m., shutting again about 6-7 p. m,. Fig. 26J. (7£?//2fl«fl ^'frwa, Z,. (from Herm. Miiller's'Alpenblumen'). A. Flower seen directly from above. j&, 6". Upper and lower parts of longitudinal section of flower. D. Similar section through upper part of flower, with anthers at a higher level than in^, d, anthers ; co, corolla; 7^ ligules; _/?, 61amcnts ; gr, style; k, nectary ; ov^ ovary ; j/, stigma. Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers stated.— Herm. Miiller, 8 bees (including 5 humble-bees), 3 Lepidoptera, a fly, and a beetle, though only the humble-bees are effective pollinators. Ricca, humble-bees effecting pollination.
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