. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Science. OSBOR^\ REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 231 are of later date than tlie marine Pliocene deposits of southern Europe. Before any of these glacial deposits occurred there was an elevation of the marine Pliocene strata along the southern Alpine borders from sea level to a height of from 300-500m.; there also occurred erosion of these marine strata by rivers. Thus in the valley of the Po there is a consid- erable time interval between the closing marine conditions of the Plio- cene and the opening Pleistocene conditions. In the valley of the Ehone a
. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Science. OSBOR^\ REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 231 are of later date than tlie marine Pliocene deposits of southern Europe. Before any of these glacial deposits occurred there was an elevation of the marine Pliocene strata along the southern Alpine borders from sea level to a height of from 300-500m.; there also occurred erosion of these marine strata by rivers. Thus in the valley of the Po there is a consid- erable time interval between the closing marine conditions of the Plio- cene and the opening Pleistocene conditions. In the valley of the Ehone also there is a marked interruption between the strata of the Pliocene and of the Glacial epochs, the latter overlying the strata recogiiized as Upper Pliocene^, which in turn overlie the marine Pliocene.^''' This interval between the Pliocene and Pleistocene corresponds with very important changes which occur in the mammalian life of Europe, namely, in the extinction of many characteristic Pliocene mammals, such as the anthropoid apes, the antelopes and the mastodons. S/erra de Credos Alps Mis Mas Mrs j Pyrenees Mrs. Strair of Gibraltar Garonne Rhone Valley Valley North Sk^ger Sea Rak PROriLE OF PAST AND PRESENT SNOWLINES AND GLACIERS OF EUROPE Fig. 4.—Theoretic snoic levels during the G-lavial Epoch Prepared under the direction of the author by Chester A. Keeds from data given by J. Geilxie. Penck. Briichner. Leverett and Stieler's Hand-Atlas, December. 1914. The traces of four different glacial advances and retreats observed around the northern slopes of the Alps by Penck and Briickner^^ were fol- lowed with their ^^river drifts'' and moraines down the Danube to the neighborhood of Vienna: they were found to be clearly marked in the re- gion of the upper Ehine and of the Ehone around Lyons, and distin- guishable both by the greater or the less extension of their borders and by the greater or less erosion which has occurred in the intervals between their successive depositio
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