. Water Supply and Irrigation Papers of the United States Geological Survey . a stratum spring. A fault in the bed rock may 61 62 MOTIONS OF UNDERGROUND WATERS. [no. 67. force the ground water to the surface, forming a so-called fault spring, Ias at Spring B, fig. 1, page 13. Other forms are overflow springs,as at SS, fig. 20; chasm springs, as in fig. 27, or valley springs, as at \ Spring A, fig. 1, page 13. A stratum spring is shown in PI. IV, A. I COMMON OPEN WELLS. Besides these natural processes which are constantly returningunderground waters to the surface waters, there are several well
. Water Supply and Irrigation Papers of the United States Geological Survey . a stratum spring. A fault in the bed rock may 61 62 MOTIONS OF UNDERGROUND WATERS. [no. 67. force the ground water to the surface, forming a so-called fault spring, Ias at Spring B, fig. 1, page 13. Other forms are overflow springs,as at SS, fig. 20; chasm springs, as in fig. 27, or valley springs, as at \ Spring A, fig. 1, page 13. A stratum spring is shown in PI. IV, A. I COMMON OPEN WELLS. Besides these natural processes which are constantly returningunderground waters to the surface waters, there are several well- !known ways of artifically restoring ground waters to the most common of all methods is, of course, the construction of anopen well and the raising of the water to the surface by appropriatemechanical means, as shown in fig. 28. This is so universal a prac-tice that it requires but little discussion. The well is simply exca-vated to a suitable depth below the water table, so that the groundwater of the surface zone of flow is free to flow into the Fig. showing the formation of chasm springs in a cut which extends below thenatural level of ground waters. The result of the regular removal of water from the well is the lower-ing of the water table in its neighborhood, the water table assumingthe very regular curve shown in figs. 28, 29, and 31. The form ofthis surface can be worked out from theoretical considerations, andthe results seem to agree substantially with experiment. These fig-ures (29, 30, and 31) are taken from the report of a very carefullyconducted series of experiments by J. C. Hoadley, C. Boston,Mass. The investigations are known as the Melrose or Maidenexperiments, because the first series was carried out in the town ofMelrose, near the boundary of Maiden, and on the border of the uncul-tivated tract known as Middlesex Fells. Fig. 29 shows the varying position of the water table on May 24,1882, near a 3-inch pipe, durin
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