A system of surgery . lna back-wards, (2) outwards, (3) inwards, (4) or forwards, (5) displacementof the ulna alone, (6) displacement of the radius alone, (7) displace-ment of both bones in different directions. 1. Dislocation* of the radius and ia!na and morbid anatomy.—This accident is commonly causedby falls upon the palm of the outstretched hand. It is frequent in earlylife, and this is probably due to the comparatively small size of thecartilaginous coronoid process, which is an outgrowth from the shaftof the ulna. The weakness of the anterior and posterior ligaments,t
A system of surgery . lna back-wards, (2) outwards, (3) inwards, (4) or forwards, (5) displacementof the ulna alone, (6) displacement of the radius alone, (7) displace-ment of both bones in different directions. 1. Dislocation* of the radius and ia!na and morbid anatomy.—This accident is commonly causedby falls upon the palm of the outstretched hand. It is frequent in earlylife, and this is probably due to the comparatively small size of thecartilaginous coronoid process, which is an outgrowth from the shaftof the ulna. The weakness of the anterior and posterior ligaments,the absence of muscular aid, and the want of mutual supportbetween the bones of the fore-arm and humerus, in the flexed orextended position, are all reasons for the frequency of anterior-posterior displacements (Fig. 391). Pathology.—The anterior ligament is completely torn, and thelateral ligaments generally lacerated. The biceps tendon is tense, thebrachialis anticus excessively tense or torn. The triceps tendon,. 982 DISLOCATIONS. »J carried backwards, is prominent, and always draws the olecranonupwards. The median and ulnar nerves may be stretched or con-tused. In some cases the coronoid process is fractured, and thenthe dislocation tends to reproduce itself. The head of the radiusmaintains its connection with the ulna. Dislocation backwards maybe complete or incomplete. Symjrtoms.—The fore-arm is fixed, slightly flexed, shortened ;and any movement of it is exceedingly painful. The characteristicsign is the marked projection posteriorly of the olecranon and tricepstendon (Fig. 392). The head of the radius, too, may be feltprojecting behind the external condyle. Thereis a marked broad prominence anteriorly, causedby the lower end of the humerus. The relationsbetween the condyles and olecranon are altered,and the condyles do not move with the displacedolecranon. This test is of vital importance asdistinguishing dislocation backwards from separa-tion of the epiphysis in
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