. A life of Napoleon Boneparte:. the Napoleonic dynasty. First among these was religious disaffection. Towardsthe end of 1808, being doubtful of the Popes loyalty, Na-poleon had sent French troops to Rome; the spring follow-ing, without any plausible excuse, he had annexed fourPapal States to the kingdom of Italy; and in 1809 the Popehad been made a prisoner at Savona. When th^ divorcewas asked, it was not the Pope, but the clergy, of Paris,who had granted it. When the religious marriage of MarieLouise and Napoleon came to be celebrated, thirteen cardi-nals refused to appear; the black cardina
. A life of Napoleon Boneparte:. the Napoleonic dynasty. First among these was religious disaffection. Towardsthe end of 1808, being doubtful of the Popes loyalty, Na-poleon had sent French troops to Rome; the spring follow-ing, without any plausible excuse, he had annexed fourPapal States to the kingdom of Italy; and in 1809 the Popehad been made a prisoner at Savona. When th^ divorcewas asked, it was not the Pope, but the clergy, of Paris,who had granted it. When the religious marriage of MarieLouise and Napoleon came to be celebrated, thirteen cardi-nals refused to appear; the black cardinals they werethereafter called, one of their punishments for non-appear-ance at the wedding being that they could no longer weartheir red gowns. To the pious all this friction with thefathers of the Church was a deplorable irritation. It wasimpossible to show contempt for the authority of Pope andcardinals and not wound one of the deepest sentiments ofFrance, and one which ten years before Napoleon had braved most to satisfy. 229. NAPOLEON AND POPE PIUS VII. IN CONFERENCE AT FONTAINEBLEAU. Engraved by Robinson, after a painting made in 1836 by Wilkie. 230 TROUBLE WITH THE POPE 231 To the irritation against the emperors church poHcy wasadded bitter resentment against the conscription, that taxof blood and muscle demanded of the country. Napoleonhad formulated and attempted to make tolerable the prin-ciple born of the Revolution, which declared that every malecitizen of age owed the state a service of blood in case itneeded him. The wisdom of his management of the con-scription had prevented discontent until 1807; then the drafton life had begun to be arbitrary and grievous. The lawsof exemptions were disregarded. The only son ofhis mother no longer remained at her side. The fatherwhose little children were motherless must leave them;aged and helpless parents no longer gave who had bought their exemption by heavy sacrificeswere obliged to go. Persons whom the law ma
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