. Electric railway journal . al binder composedlargely of lead. The required durability is attainedby the hardness of the abrasive grains. Roof Construction Roof constructions for modern cars, like theirfloors, are essentially simple in design. The mon-itor deck has finally been relegated to the list ofantiquities, and with the plain-arched roof thathas replaced it, the entire roof structure is com-posed almost invariably of no more than carlines,a roof sheathing and a weatherproof covering. Generally, the carline spacing corresponds withthat of the side posts and it is very seldom thatinterme
. Electric railway journal . al binder composedlargely of lead. The required durability is attainedby the hardness of the abrasive grains. Roof Construction Roof constructions for modern cars, like theirfloors, are essentially simple in design. The mon-itor deck has finally been relegated to the list ofantiquities, and with the plain-arched roof thathas replaced it, the entire roof structure is com-posed almost invariably of no more than carlines,a roof sheathing and a weatherproof covering. Generally, the carline spacing corresponds withthat of the side posts and it is very seldom thatintermediate carlines are used. Steel is a muchpreferred material for carline construction evenwith semi-steel cars, this being made possible bythe gradually increasing degree of sanity in therailway operators viewpoint on the contours forarched roofs—a most unimportant feature whichnevertheless has made a lot of trouble because ofthe insistence with which special outlines have beendemanded in the past. At present, however, there. Framing for Center-Entrance Car with Steel Roofand T-Bar Posts is an evident tendency to accept some contour forwhich the car builder already has dies, and thispermits the manufacture of steel carlines at a rea-sonable cost. As in the case of the floor, the most popular ma-terial for roof sheathing for city cars is wood, be-cause of its low first cost and ready adaptabilityin application and in weatherproofing. Steel roof-sheathing has certain previously mentioned struc-tural advantages, but it also has serious disad-vantages unless the car is of the truss-side designthat permits the roof to act in harmony with theframing, this being more common for high-speedcars than for city cars. Nevertheless, there is evi-dence of increasing popularity for the steel roofin city service in thicknesses as small at No. 18gage, although it will be a long time, no doubt,before steel, or any of the composition-board ma-terials which also have begun to come into use forthe p
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