. Dairy farming : being the theory, practice, and methods of dairying. Dairy farms; Dairy plants; Milk plants. AAIERICAN BUTTER-WORKERS. 455 Pig. titilisod; and one patent is for an attachment between a lady's voeking-chair and a strong coiled spring, whereby her leisurely oseillatiou while conversing, reading, or put- ting the baby to sleepj will store up sufficient power to do the day's churning 1 Butter-WORKERS. Buttei'-workers seem to have originated in America. These - implements, as distinct from " gathering and ' working churns," were first in- vented in the year 184
. Dairy farming : being the theory, practice, and methods of dairying. Dairy farms; Dairy plants; Milk plants. AAIERICAN BUTTER-WORKERS. 455 Pig. titilisod; and one patent is for an attachment between a lady's voeking-chair and a strong coiled spring, whereby her leisurely oseillatiou while conversing, reading, or put- ting the baby to sleepj will store up sufficient power to do the day's churning 1 Butter-WORKERS. Buttei'-workers seem to have originated in America. These - implements, as distinct from " gathering and ' working churns," were first in- vented in the year 1843 in Connec- ticut, and next appeared in Pennsylvania in 1853. Up to 1860 twenty-one United States patents had been issued for this class of appliance, but it was some j'ears later before they became at all popular in any form. Between 1860 and 1870 forty-five patents for butter-workers were taken out, and up to 1879 over one hundred and fifty in all, the recent average being ten a year. Such of these utensils as have proved prac- ticable are ajiplieations of the lever and the roller in different forms. In nearly all of them the pressure is apjilied by oper- ating the worker with one hand, while the other with a wooden paddle or " ladle " moves the butter and brings it into position for work- ing. Points deemed essential are that the butter sliall come in contact with neither the hand nor the metallic parts of the implement, and that the moisture should be entirely extracted with the least possible labour, and without injury to the gi-ain of the butter. Workers made wholly of close-grained wood are preferred. One of the earliest and simplest forms is a triangular tray open at its base and inclined Inwards the ajiex, where there is fixed in a loose socket one end of a large wooden lever which can be moved to reach every part of the tray. This is made to use upon any table, or jilaeed upon a permanent frame or set of legs. The pressure exerted by the lever is entirely a
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