Manual of ophthalmology . larregion, or around the pa-pilla, or lying close to theretinal vessels, often in as-sociation with a thrombusin the vessel. If they liein the fiber layer of theretina, they are usuallyflamed-shaped, or linear;if they are situated in thedeeper layers, they aremore apt to be may occur independ-ently of retinal inflamma-tion, or in association withit {hemorrhagic retinitis).If the latter condition ob-tains, the edges of the disk , , , ., Fig. 19.—Retinal hemorrhages (de Wecker and Masselon). are cloudy because the sur-rounding retina is infiltrated, and the v
Manual of ophthalmology . larregion, or around the pa-pilla, or lying close to theretinal vessels, often in as-sociation with a thrombusin the vessel. If they liein the fiber layer of theretina, they are usuallyflamed-shaped, or linear;if they are situated in thedeeper layers, they aremore apt to be may occur independ-ently of retinal inflamma-tion, or in association withit {hemorrhagic retinitis).If the latter condition ob-tains, the edges of the disk , , , ., Fig. 19.—Retinal hemorrhages (de Wecker and Masselon). are cloudy because the sur-rounding retina is infiltrated, and the veins are dark and absorption of the hemorrhages, white spots appear, indicatingthe position of the former blood extravasation. Causes.—The following is a classified list of the chief causes ofretinal hemorrhage: (a) Hemorrhages caused by changes in the composition of theblood and the tissues of the blood-vessel walls: Pyemia, septicemia,ulcerating endocarditis; diseases of the liver, spleen, kidney, and. 106 MANUAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY. atheroma of the vessels, and angiosclerosis of the retinal vessel; loss ofblood (monorrhagia, hematemesis) ; anemia (simple-and pernicious) ;hemophilia, purpura, and scurvy; diabetes and gout; tuberculosis;malaria and recurrent fever. In carcinoma of the stomach retinalhemorrhages and white spots may resemble those seen in perniciousanemia. To this manifestation the name cachectic retinitis is some-times applied. (b) Hemorrhages caused by disturbances in the circulation: Hyper-trophy of the heart and stenosis of the valves; thrombosis- of the cen-tral vein of the retina, and embolism or thrombosis of the centralartery; suffocation, compression of the carotid, and hemorrhages inthe new-born, which are not infrequent; and the menstrual dis-turbances. (c) Hemorrhages caused by sudden alterations of the intra-oculartension—e. g., after iridectomy in glaucoma—and by the latter may be classed retinal hemorrhages af
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