. The Canadian field-naturalist. 492 The Canadian Feeld-Naturalist Vol. 112 as Early Hairgrass {Aira praecox), Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Hedgehog Dogtail (Cynosurus echinatus) and Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), and several species of Bromus. Some stands are dominated in the understorey by shrubs, in particular, Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) and Scotch Broom {Cytisus scoparius), which effectively shade out many herbaceous species. Soils are usually orthic sombric brunisols (Roemer 1972). Some populations have also been located on rel- atively steep rocky slopes where Que
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 492 The Canadian Feeld-Naturalist Vol. 112 as Early Hairgrass {Aira praecox), Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Hedgehog Dogtail (Cynosurus echinatus) and Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), and several species of Bromus. Some stands are dominated in the understorey by shrubs, in particular, Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) and Scotch Broom {Cytisus scoparius), which effectively shade out many herbaceous species. Soils are usually orthic sombric brunisols (Roemer 1972). Some populations have also been located on rel- atively steep rocky slopes where Quercus gar- ryana-Holodiscus discolor (Ocean Spray) is the dominant vegetation type. On these sites they are usually located in pockets of deep soil partially shaded by Quercus garryana. Viola praemorsa ssp. praemorsa may occasionally be found in open grass-dominated meadows where soils are relative- ly deep and likely retain some moisture during summer drought conditions. General Biology Viola praemorsa ssp. praemorsa is a perennial species which overwinters as a short vertical rhi- zome. In British Columbia, V. praemorsa ssp. praemorsa, as with many other forbs located in Quercus garryana communities, appears to take advantage of the warm temperatures, ample mois- ture, and high light levels found during spring. In early spring (March) the leaves emerge, followed by the appearance of flowers in April and May. This usually occurs before the Quercus garryana leaves have fully emerged and before grasses, which usually dominate the understorey, have grown to a sufficient size where they shade or smother Viola praemorsa and other forbs. Seeds are explosively ejected from the capsules during early to mid-summer and most plants then die back to the perennating rhizome. Some plants retain their leaves and produce elongated decumbent stems which may exceed 25 cm in length. Eventually these plants will also wither and die back to the perennating rhizome. Viola praemorsa does not appear t
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