. Thirty years in Washington; or, Life and scenes in our national capital. Portraying the wonderfuloperations in all the great departments, and describing every important function of our national go vernment ... With sketches of the presidents and their wives ... from Washington's to Roosevelt's administration . ng the Telegraph Wires — Our Representatives Abroad — The Business End of the StateDepartment — Consuls and Their Fat Fees. HE President is in virtual command of a civilarmy of about a quarter of a million employeeswhose wages are paid by the government. Asthe responsible head of the e
. Thirty years in Washington; or, Life and scenes in our national capital. Portraying the wonderfuloperations in all the great departments, and describing every important function of our national go vernment ... With sketches of the presidents and their wives ... from Washington's to Roosevelt's administration . ng the Telegraph Wires — Our Representatives Abroad — The Business End of the StateDepartment — Consuls and Their Fat Fees. HE President is in virtual command of a civilarmy of about a quarter of a million employeeswhose wages are paid by the government. Asthe responsible head of the executive branch ofthe government, it is his duty to direct this greatarmy in the task of executing laws passed by Con-gress. These various operations are allotted to departmentswhose limitations are generally defined by law, which alsoprovides each with a head officer and the necessary subordi-nates to direct the work of the various bureaus and divi-sions into which each large department is directing officers are appointed by the President, whois held responsible for the successful operation of the wholeexecutive machinery; but the Senate confirms his , the Presidents general direction is transmittedthrough the executive heads or secretaries of the eight great11 (1S1). 182 EVOLUTION OF THE CABINET. departments, though it was only by a convenient customthat these eight high officials developed into a well-definedbody called the Cabinet, after the English ministry whichit in no other way resembles. It is not the governmentas in England ; it is only the administration. Withoutthe sanction of either the Constitution or the law, therefore,the Cabinet has become a permanent, prominent, andhonored feature of our executive affairs. Under Wash-ington, before the custom had developed, the secretaries ofthe department were regarded not as his advisers but sim-ply as secretaries ; indeed, they were called the Presidentsclerks, though they were leading m
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