Central Europe . oppot. These two bars are only brokenat their northern ends, at Memel and Pillau, by deeps which open a highway for ships to the mouths of theNiemen and the Pregel. The haffs behind havealready suffered considerable diminution ; the KurischeHaff owing to the formation of the delta of the Niemen,which consists of great marshes, and the Frische Haff toa slight extent owing to the alluvial deposits of the Pregel,and to a great extent because of the fruitful richly cultivatedlowland with which the Vistula has completely filled itsbroad western end. The Vistula sends but two branch
Central Europe . oppot. These two bars are only brokenat their northern ends, at Memel and Pillau, by deeps which open a highway for ships to the mouths of theNiemen and the Pregel. The haffs behind havealready suffered considerable diminution ; the KurischeHaff owing to the formation of the delta of the Niemen,which consists of great marshes, and the Frische Haff toa slight extent owing to the alluvial deposits of the Pregel,and to a great extent because of the fruitful richly cultivatedlowland with which the Vistula has completely filled itsbroad western end. The Vistula sends but two branches into the FrischeHaff, while the main river reaches the sand dunes bythe sea near Dantzig, at the foot of the hill countryrising on the west from its lowland. The point at NORTH GERMAN LOWLAND AND SEAS 95 which it breaks through the sand-hills has changedeven in the nineteenth century. The western portionof the great gulf of Dantzig is sheltered from the opensea by the peninsula of Hela, twenty miles long. With. Fig. 17.—A Prussian Haff. this begins the monotonous flat coast that bounds EastPomerania, a shore with numerous border lakes lyingbehind it. The great fresh-water basin at the mouth of the Oderalso bears the name of a Haff. But the division of thisfrom the open sea is not effected by a sandy nehrung,but by the islands of Wollin and Usedom. 96 CENTRAL EUROPE The boddens which occur along the coast are eccen-trically branched shallow bays, the outlines of which havebeen determined sometimes by the accidental shapesof half-submerged blocks of diluvial or older rock, andsometimes by later action of the sea, either in the formof a destroying invasion of its waves, or more often by _M~iles
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