. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. ts. Fig. 2. Outer view of hind tibiae of females: A. Xylocopa (Xyhcopoides) cyanea. B. X. (Ctenoxylocopa) fenestrata. C. testis* bomhylans. D. Proxylocopa*riifa. E. X. (.Alloxylocopa) circumvolans. Abbreviation: ts = tibial spines. Scale = 1 mm. •Regarded as a subgenus of Xylocopa herein. in the outgroup that I did not consider (Michener, 1975; Reyes, 1993). 9. Ocelli.—(0) Not modified; (1) enlarged. State 1 oc- curs in the subgenera Nyctome
. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. ts. Fig. 2. Outer view of hind tibiae of females: A. Xylocopa (Xyhcopoides) cyanea. B. X. (Ctenoxylocopa) fenestrata. C. testis* bomhylans. D. Proxylocopa*riifa. E. X. (.Alloxylocopa) circumvolans. Abbreviation: ts = tibial spines. Scale = 1 mm. •Regarded as a subgenus of Xylocopa herein. in the outgroup that I did not consider (Michener, 1975; Reyes, 1993). 9. Ocelli.—(0) Not modified; (1) enlarged. State 1 oc- curs in the subgenera Nyctomelitta and Proxylocopa (sensu stricto) of Xylocopa. All outgroup taxa have normal-sized ocelli. 10. Male facial maculations.—(0) Yellow on at least some part of face; (1) without yellow markings, , en- tirely black. This is a highly variable character in the Apoidea but in the outgroup, males of all taxa except Lithurge, have yellow maculations on the clypeus. 11. Number of spines on outer apex of male hind tibia.—(0) None; (1) one; (2) two (Hurd and Moure, 1963; Fig. 37). Outgroup taxa lack these spines. The transforma- tion series was coded as additive. 12. Number of spines on outer apex of female hind tibia.—(0) One (Fig. 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E); (1) two (Fig. 2A; Hurd and Moure, 1963, Figs. 36, 38). Females of the outgroup have one or two spines. 13. Tibial spine of female.—(0) Originating at tibial apex and lacking medial carina (Fig. 2A, 2D, 2E); (1) well- developed and originating above, but extending to, apex of tibia (Fig. 2B, 2C). State 1 is found only in taxa with one outer tibial spine. State 1 is not found in the outgroup. 14. Shape of female hind trochanter.—(0) Not modi- fied (Fig. 3B, 3C); (1) roughly triangular in ventral view (Fig. 3A). State 1 is not found in the outgroup. 15. Mid and hind trochanter of male.—(0) Spines ab- sent; (1) ventral surface of each with spine. State 1 does not occur in the outgroup. 16. Ventral surface of male hind femur.
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