. Cassier's magazine. f their artillery move-ments. This is due to the fact that theartillery commander can locate his ob-serving stations at distant points fromwhich the effects of the fire can benoted. These stations as well as thedifferent batteries being connected bytelephone with the artillery headquar-ters, give an artillery commander anextraordinary power of control, andupon his skill depends to a great ex-tent the success or failure of a battle. Although the Japanese Army de-pends chiefly on the telegraph and tel-ephone for communication, their sig-nalmen are adepts in the visual meth-
. Cassier's magazine. f their artillery move-ments. This is due to the fact that theartillery commander can locate his ob-serving stations at distant points fromwhich the effects of the fire can benoted. These stations as well as thedifferent batteries being connected bytelephone with the artillery headquar-ters, give an artillery commander anextraordinary power of control, andupon his skill depends to a great ex-tent the success or failure of a battle. Although the Japanese Army de-pends chiefly on the telegraph and tel-ephone for communication, their sig-nalmen are adepts in the visual meth-ods, and do not hesitate to use themif necessary, whether it be wig-wag-ging or heliographing by day, orlights by night. The wig-wag can beworked successfully up to 10 or 12miles, but only under the best weatherconditions and by the use of powerfultelescopes. The ordinary range, how-ever, is about 6 miles, and even thenits usefulness at the front is impairedby the fact that frequently the signal- 476 CASSIERS MAGAZINE. HELIOGRAPHING FROM A HILL TOPPHOTOGRAPH COPYRIGHTED BY G. UPTON HARVEY man must expose his position to theenemy. The heliograph is an instrument ofgreat range, and can successfully beused, under perfect conditions, up to50 miles. In this instrument, mirrorsare so arranged that rays of sunlightmay be projected in any desired direc-tion, a shutter being used to interruptthe flash. Ordinarily, it must be usedfrom an elevated position in order thatthe flash be not intercepted by ob-structions. But it is at the same dis-advantage as the wig-wag, in that theoperator exposes himself to the night signalling, powerful flashlanterns having about the same rangeas the wig-wag are sometimes the visual svstems have the ad- vantage of simplicity and ease of oper-ation, they are practically useless inbad weather or in rough countrywhere the view is much obstructed. The telegraph is used to greatestadvantage in the rear of an army,where the lines of communica
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