. American highways; a popular account of their conditions, and of the means by which they may be bettered . ial until very costly filhngs have been made, all ofwhich could have been avoided by a slight deflection ofthe way. In other cases patches of soft clay, such as arelikely to be found in glaciated countries, and which greatlyincrease the cost of building a good road, have beentraversed, though they might easily have been further, in almost aU glaciated districts and to a cer-tain extent in those of ordinary topography, a good roadcannot be made without much cutting and fillin
. American highways; a popular account of their conditions, and of the means by which they may be bettered . ial until very costly filhngs have been made, all ofwhich could have been avoided by a slight deflection ofthe way. In other cases patches of soft clay, such as arelikely to be found in glaciated countries, and which greatlyincrease the cost of building a good road, have beentraversed, though they might easily have been further, in almost aU glaciated districts and to a cer-tain extent in those of ordinary topography, a good roadcannot be made without much cutting and filling in orderto insure reasonable grades. Care should be taken to bringthese cuts and fills into such relation that the earth whichis excavated can be used in bettering the grades by , where cuts are required care should be taken toplace them as little as possible on steep side-hills, so thatthe continual slipping of the earth down the slope may notprove a source of permanent cost. Quite as important as the adjustment of the way withreference to the immediate conditions are the problems re-. EFFECT OF THE CLIMATE 41 lating to the materials which can be used in the construc-tion and repau of the way, as well as the other expensesof maintenance. As will be further noted in the chapter on road mate-rials, by far the largest part of the expense incurred inbringing an existing or an old way into good conditionarises from the cost of the materials used in hardeningthe way. This expense is incurred not only in the origi-nal construction, but in the constant repau-s. It may beestimated that at the end of fifteen years a road, suffi-ciently used to warrant a carefully made stone or gravelstructure, will have to be completely renewed by repairsand reconstructions. Therefore the expense of obtainingthe materials is great, and has to be considered in thechoice of the location. In a country of varied underlyingrocks, such as is found in New England, in the greaterpart of the Ap
Size: 1343px × 1861px
Photo credit: © Reading Room 2020 / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No
Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1890, bookpublishernewyo, bookyear1896
