Annals of medical history . \service of the Greek Provisional Govern-ment. Hi made his mark in the medicalhistory of ancient Egypt In his contribu-tions to its paleopathology, in particular Sir Marc Amand the paleohistology of the pathologicallesions found in mummies of the XVIII-XXVII was born atLyons, France, in1859, the son of thelate Baron AlphonseJacques de Ruffer. Hismother was a was educated atBrasenose College,Oxford, where he tookhis degree in 1883,and at University Col-lege, London, becom-ing bachelor of medi-cine and surgery in1887 and in1889. He the
Annals of medical history . \service of the Greek Provisional Govern-ment. Hi made his mark in the medicalhistory of ancient Egypt In his contribu-tions to its paleopathology, in particular Sir Marc Amand the paleohistology of the pathologicallesions found in mummies of the XVIII-XXVII was born atLyons, France, in1859, the son of thelate Baron AlphonseJacques de Ruffer. Hismother was a was educated atBrasenose College,Oxford, where he tookhis degree in 1883,and at University Col-lege, London, becom-ing bachelor of medi-cine and surgery in1887 and in1889. He then becamea pupil of Pasteur andMetehnikolf at thePasteur Institute, de-voting special studyto the then novel sub-ject ol phagoey his papers of [890,he gave an caiK andtimeh exposition of MetchnikofFs conceptRuffer (1859—1917J r ? u ol inflammation as a protective mechanism against infection,particularly in the intestinal canal. Hedescribed tin- diphtheritic membrane as a battlefield, in which pathogenic bacteria. Sir Marc Amand Ruffer 219 and ameboid leucocytes contend for mas-tery. In 1891, Ruffer became the firstdirector of the British Institute of Preven-tive Medicine, his assistant being ProfessorHenry G. Plimmer. At Metchnikoffs in-stance, Ruffer and Plimmer took up thestudy of cancer and established the provi-sional status of the quasi-parasitic forma-tions in cancer cells. While testing thenew diphtheritic serum at the Institute,both Ruffer and Plimmer fell victims tothe disease, and Ruffer was so severelysmitten with the paralytic sequelae thathe felt compelled to resign his then went to Egypt for recuperationand subsequently took up his permanentresidence at the Villa Menival, Ramleh. Ruffer was one of the ablest organizersof medical administration in recent did much to make the present ListerInstitute what it is to-day, became pro-fessor of bacteriology in the Cairo MedicalSchool (1896), which he reorganized, andwas the president of
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