. Elementary biology; an introduction to the science of life. Biology. 146 ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY In all the animals that have blood, excepting only the insects, the respiration of the interior cells is related to the blood. That is, the cells get their oxygen from the blood, and they dis- charge their carbon dioxid to the blood (see Chapter XXXIV). 177. Respiration and blood. In all such animals we there- fore apply the word respiration to the process by which the air is brought from the outside to the blood and the carbon dioxid is thrown out. The simplest kind of blood respiration. Fig. 45. How
. Elementary biology; an introduction to the science of life. Biology. 146 ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY In all the animals that have blood, excepting only the insects, the respiration of the interior cells is related to the blood. That is, the cells get their oxygen from the blood, and they dis- charge their carbon dioxid to the blood (see Chapter XXXIV). 177. Respiration and blood. In all such animals we there- fore apply the word respiration to the process by which the air is brought from the outside to the blood and the carbon dioxid is thrown out. The simplest kind of blood respiration. Fig. 45. How the lobster breathes The featherlike gills of these crustaceans are protected by an extension of shell which incloses them almost completely. By the action of appendages connected with the mouth organs a constant current of water is made to pass over the gills through the space under the shield, moving from the back edge forward is found in such animals as the earthworm. In this the respi- ration takes place by osmosis through the moist epidermis, or skin. In some worms there are extensions of the skin surface into little outgrowths, called gills. In clams and oysters there are special outgrowths that multiply the breathing surface in much the same way (Fig. 44). In the lobster, crab, crayfish, and related animals there are special structures in which there is a great deal of surface in a comparatively small space, crowded together in a particular region of the body (Fig. 45). When we come to animals with backbones, we find that the breathing organs are connected with the food pipe, so that all of them can, and many of them do, breathe through the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Gruenberg, Benjamin C. (Benjamin Charles), 1875-1965. Boston New York [etc. ] Ginn and company
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