. Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Botany Oregon Ecology; Botany Washington (State) Ecology. gerrimus, C. prostratus, C. cordulatus, Castan- et p sis chrysophy I la, Quercus chrysolepis, Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos cane- scens, and Lithocarpus densiflorus (Gratkow- ski 1961a). These brushfield communities can significantly slow the rate of forest succession or, with repeated fire, become semipermanent communities. Ceanothus velutinus is important as a brushfield dominant or invader following log- ging or fire in the Mixed-Conifer Zone as well as many other zones: , in parts o
. Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Botany Oregon Ecology; Botany Washington (State) Ecology. gerrimus, C. prostratus, C. cordulatus, Castan- et p sis chrysophy I la, Quercus chrysolepis, Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos cane- scens, and Lithocarpus densiflorus (Gratkow- ski 1961a). These brushfield communities can significantly slow the rate of forest succession or, with repeated fire, become semipermanent communities. Ceanothus velutinus is important as a brushfield dominant or invader following log- ging or fire in the Mixed-Conifer Zone as well as many other zones: , in parts of the Tsuga heterophylla (Morris 1958; Zavitkovski 1966), Abies concolor, and A. magnifica shas- tensis Zones, and in many of the forest types of eastern-Oregon and Washington (Dyrness and Youngberg 1966; Mueggler 1965). In western Oregon, Ceanothus velutinus var. laevigatus and var. velutinus are generally found below and above 800 meters, respec- tively (Gratkowski 1961a; Zavitkovski 1966). In this area, Ceanothus velutinus is generally absent from understories of older stands lack- ing recent disturbance, but it often appears in abundance following logging and slash burn- ing (Morris 1958) (fig. 86). This reproduction is from seed stored in the forest floor (Grat- kowski 1962); heat from fires and increased insolation breaks the seedcoat dormancy. The relationship of Ceanothus velutinus to estab- lishment and growth of coniferous reproduc- tion has been hotly debated for 50 years (Zavitkovski and Newton 1968). It can fix nitrogen (Wollum 1962, 1965; Wollum et al. 1968), and may provide a favorable microen- vironment for establishment of conifer seed- lings under some conditions (Gratkowski 1962; Zavitkovski and Newton 1968). On other sites, it may seriously hinder establish- ment of coniferous stands. Successional relationships among the tree species are not completely known. Many stands are relatively young and/or have been subjected to one or more fires since their es- tab
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