Pacific municipalities . lands, should be got rid of as soon as possible. Culverts should PACIFIC MUNICIPALITIES 57 be built at low points where outlets are available, and existing streams should al-ways be used for outlets. The water should never be carried in the side ditchesany further than is necessary. When the volume of water is small, it may be car-ried across the road in small 12 in. pipe. Large culverts and bridges should always be designed by competent civil en-gineers and constructed under their supervision. Indeed, very often the advice ofsuch an engineer in regard to the smaller w
Pacific municipalities . lands, should be got rid of as soon as possible. Culverts should PACIFIC MUNICIPALITIES 57 be built at low points where outlets are available, and existing streams should al-ways be used for outlets. The water should never be carried in the side ditchesany further than is necessary. When the volume of water is small, it may be car-ried across the road in small 12 in. pipe. Large culverts and bridges should always be designed by competent civil en-gineers and constructed under their supervision. Indeed, very often the advice ofsuch an engineer in regard to the smaller water ways might be sought with is often wasted from a lack of knowledge concerning the proper sizes ofculverts. When we first commenced the use of iron culverts, we made the com-mon mistake of getting them too small in diameter and short in length, but wehave since replaced, some with larger ones and extended others that were short. I am not an advocate of abutments, except in rare cases, and for that reason. PART CIRCLE AMERICAN INGOT IRON CULVERT 58xl9 INSTALLED AT THE INTERSECTION OF WEST G. STREET AND EUCLID AVE., ONTARIO, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF MR. B. B. MANN, CITY ENGINEER I have always put in the culverts about four feet longer and obtained better re-sults than by putting in abutments. My rule has been that when a 20 ft. road-way is desired, on a 5 ft. grade, that the culvert should be at least 30 ft. long,making the angle of repose 45 degrees. We have replaced a very large number of our 12 and 16 ft. bridges with 4 and5 ft. culverts, making a large saving in future repairs. In some cases we haveplaced 30 to 50 ft. bridges across dry ravines with 6 ft. culverts and made a fill of10 to 20 ft. bv cutting down hills, and making practically a level road with nofuture expense. The question of culverts has always been a serious one and has been solvedby some using steel, some American Ingot Iron, and others concrete. Culvertsmust necessarily be made either from wo
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