. The American fruit culturist. coveredwith grafting-wax, but grafting-clay is much better. This ismade of clay or clay-loam one part, and horse-manure two parts,well mixed together—the addition of a little hair is an improve-ment. This is an Old World method which may be adaptableto a few trees in a garden, but is not applicable to commercialorchards. Horizontal training, for walls or espaliers, is very rarelypractised or needed in this country. It is occasionally em-ployed in limited gardens, to form boundaries of walks, with-out occupying much lateral space, and where it is desired to32 498
. The American fruit culturist. coveredwith grafting-wax, but grafting-clay is much better. This ismade of clay or clay-loam one part, and horse-manure two parts,well mixed together—the addition of a little hair is an improve-ment. This is an Old World method which may be adaptableto a few trees in a garden, but is not applicable to commercialorchards. Horizontal training, for walls or espaliers, is very rarelypractised or needed in this country. It is occasionally em-ployed in limited gardens, to form boundaries of walks, with-out occupying much lateral space, and where it is desired to32 498 THE PEAR. grow large and fine specimens of fruit by strong exposure tothe sun. The mode may be briefly understood by the accom-panying figure representing a partly grown tree (Fig. 638).As the tree advances, shoots will be produced from the sidesof the horizontal arms; these must be stopped or pinched offearly in summer, to prevent their drawing too hard on the restof the tree, and a similar course pursued with them to that. Fig. 638.—Horizontal Training- of Pear-Trees. already described in a former chapter. The fruit-buds, andall the shoots or spurs supporting fruit-buds, are to be cutclosely off wherever too thick for an even crop. Early inautumn the shortened shoots are to be cut down, leaving thefruit-buds only, to bear the next season. By this regularityof pruning, the tree will preserve a neat appearance, and bearregular crops. The horizontal branches may be about one foot apart forlarge pears, and eight inches for small; and the trees, if onquince-roots, may be about ten feet apart. Regrafting Large Pear-Trees.—Some of the varieties de-scribed in the following pages have already shown indicationsof becoming generally affected by cracking. In such cases itbecomes desirable to regraft them with valuable sorts, or elsethoroughly to spray each year with Bordeaux mixture. The old and common way is to cut off the trunk or a few ofthe larger limbs, and insert a few graft
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