. The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 4); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . tricius, a dignity which, since the tenth century,owing to the uncanonical pretensions of the Romanaristocracy, was commonly supposed to give thebearer the right of appointing the pope, or, more ex-actly speaking, of indicating the person to be chosen(Ilefele). Had not God given His Church the in-alienable right of freedom and independence, andsent her champions determined to enforce this right,she would now have simply exchanged the tyrannyo
. The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 4); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . tricius, a dignity which, since the tenth century,owing to the uncanonical pretensions of the Romanaristocracy, was commonly supposed to give thebearer the right of appointing the pope, or, more ex-actly speaking, of indicating the person to be chosen(Ilefele). Had not God given His Church the in-alienable right of freedom and independence, andsent her champions determined to enforce this right,she would now have simply exchanged the tyrannyof Roman factions for the more serious thraldom to aforeign power, The fact that Henry had protectedthe Roman Church and rescued her from her enemiesgave him no just claim to become her lord and reformers, even men like St. PeterDamiani (Opusc, W, 36) who saw in this surrenderof the freedom of papal elections to the arbitrary willof the emperor the opening of a new era, lived longenough to regret the mistake that was made. Withdue recognition of tlie prominent part taken by theGermans in the reformation of the eleventh Sarcophagus op Clemknt II(Cathedral of Bamberg) we cannot forget that neither Henry III nor hisbishops understood the importance of absolute inde-pendence m the election of the officers of the lesson was taught them by Hildebrand, theyoung chaplain of Gregory \l, whom they took toGermany with liis master, only to return with IX to begin liis immortal career. Henry III,the sworn enemy of simony, never took a penny fromany of his appointees, but he claimed a right of ap-pointment which virtually made him head of (lieChurch and pived the way for intolerable abusesunder Ms unworthy successors. Clement lost no time in beginning the work of re-form. At a great synod in Rome, January, 1147, thebuying and selling of things spiritual was punishedwith excommunication; anyone who should know-ingly accept ordination at the han
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