. The story of the nineteenth century of the Christian era. hered by the fear ofman ; and though the continent of Europe was still mutu-ally antagonistic, and national distrust prevailed, peace andneighborliness were nevertheless forced on all the Chris-tian nations by the very condition of things ; and while thecost of standing armies, enormous navies, and mighty arma-ments kept the people poor, it also kept them peaceful,save as political and social upheavals worried them all intowatchfulness of each other, and forced them into an intelli-gent growth in manhood, that came even in spite of th
. The story of the nineteenth century of the Christian era. hered by the fear ofman ; and though the continent of Europe was still mutu-ally antagonistic, and national distrust prevailed, peace andneighborliness were nevertheless forced on all the Chris-tian nations by the very condition of things ; and while thecost of standing armies, enormous navies, and mighty arma-ments kept the people poor, it also kept them peaceful,save as political and social upheavals worried them all intowatchfulness of each other, and forced them into an intelli-gent growth in manhood, that came even in spite of them-selves. To the thoughtful mind, the outlook at the close of theNineteenth Century, wrote Benjamin Kidd in 1895, isprofoundly interesting. History can furnish no parallel toit. The problems which loom across the threshold of thenew century surpass in magnitude any that civilization hashitherto had to encounter. We seem to have reached atime in which there is abroad in mens minds an instinctivefeeling that a definite stage in the evolution of Western 362. TYPES OF THE ) Pasteur Kipling . -^ ^_ „^,^^», William OF Germany Nicholas of Russia AGE OF EDISON ] Edison Whistler HOW THE CENTURY CLOSED. 363 civilization is drawing to a close, and that we are enteringon a new era. That new era was the outcome of the democratic ad-vance and the wonders of industrial inventions that had sonotably marked the Nineteenth Century. These new con-ditions, each of which existed because of the other, werethemselves the outgrowth of the New Europe that suc-ceeded the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814. Thevast changes which, after that date, came to the world,were because the impelling necessity of self-preservationhad aroused men to the development of practical science,industrial expansion, and the application of mechanical in-ventions. Steam in manufacturing and agriculture; scien-tific methods in the construction of roads, bridges, viaducts,and tunnels; improved methods of mining and hand
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