. Manual of gardening; a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use. Gardening. THE HANDLING OF THE LAND 89 a good and continuous fall. For single drains and for laterals not over four hundred or five hundred feet long, a two and one- half inch tile is sufficient, unless much water must be carried from swales or springs. In stony countries, flat stones may be used in place of tiles, and persons who are skillful in laying them make drains as good and permanent as those constructed of tiles. The tiles or stones are covered with s
. Manual of gardening; a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use. Gardening. THE HANDLING OF THE LAND 89 a good and continuous fall. For single drains and for laterals not over four hundred or five hundred feet long, a two and one- half inch tile is sufficient, unless much water must be carried from swales or springs. In stony countries, flat stones may be used in place of tiles, and persons who are skillful in laying them make drains as good and permanent as those constructed of tiles. The tiles or stones are covered with sods, straw, or paper, and the earth is then filled in. This temporary cover. 80. How to use a spade. keeps the loose dirt out of the tiles, and by the time it is rotted the earth has settled into place. In small places, ditching must ordinarily be done wholly with hand tools. A common spade and pick are the imple- ments usually employed, although a spade with a long handle and narrow blade, as shown in Fig. 79, is very useful for exca- vating the bottom of the ditch. In most cases, much time and muscle are wasted in the use of the pick. If the digging is properly done, a spade can be used to cut the soil, even in fairly hard clay land, with no great difficulty. The essential point in the easy use of the spade is to manage so that one edge of the spade always cuts a free or exposed surface. The illustration (Fig. 80) will explain the method. When the operator endeavors to cut the soil in the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Bailey, L. H. (Liberty Hyde), 1858-1954. New York, The Macmillan Company
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